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Sikhism (; ', ), or Sikhi (from ''Sikh'', meaning a ''disciple'', or a ''learner''), is a monotheistic religion that originated in South Asia during the 15th century. The fundamental beliefs of Sikhism include faith in one Creator God, unity and equality of all humankind, engaging in selfless service, striving for social justice, and honest conduct and livelihood while living a householder life. Sikhism is based on the spiritual teachings of Guru Nanak, the first Guru,〔Singh, Patwant; (2000). The Sikhs. Alfred A Knopf Publishing. Pages 17. ISBN 0-375-40728-6.〕 and the ten successive Sikh gurus. With over 25 million adherents worldwide, Sikhism is an Indian religion spread out around the world.〔Pew Research (2012), (The Global Religious Landscape ), Other Religions, Washington DC〕 A Sikh is a disciple of the Guru. Sikh philosophy asserts the absolute need for a 'True Guru' in order for an individual to progress on the spiritual path and attain divine knowledge.〔 After the death of the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh, the Sikh scripture Guru Granth Sahib became the literal embodiment of the eternal, impersonal Guru, where the scripture's word serves as the spiritual guide for Sikhs.〔Louis Fenech and WH McLeod (2014), Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd Edition, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-1442236004, page 17〕〔William James (2011), God's Plenty: Religious Diversity in Kingston, McGill Queens University Press, ISBN 978-0773538894, pages 241-242〕 Sikhism considers spiritual life and secular life to be intertwined. Guru Nanak established the system of the Langar, or communal kitchen, in order to demonstrate the need to share and have equality between all people. Sikhs also believe that all religious traditions are equally valid and capable of enlightening their followers, rejecting the practice of proselytism, and rejecting any claims that a particular religious tradition has a monopoly on Absolute Truth. Guru Nanak advocated sharing with others, earning an honest living without exploitation and the need for remembrance of the divine name (God). Guru Nanak taught that living an "active, creative, and practical life" of "truthfulness, fidelity, self-control and purity" is above the metaphysical truth, and that the ideal man is one who "establishes union with God, knows His Will, and carries out that Will". Guru Hargobind, the sixth Sikh Guru, established the political/temporal (Miri) and spiritual (Piri) realms to be mutually coexistent. Sikhism was influenced by the Bhakti movement in medieval India.〔David Lorenzen (1995), Bhakti Religion in North India: Community Identity and Political Action, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791420256, pages 1-2, Quote: "Historically, Sikh religion derives from this nirguni current of bhakti religion"〕〔Louis Fenech (2014), in The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies (Editors: Pashaura Singh, Louis E. Fenech), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0199699308, page 35, Quote: "Technically this would place the Sikh community's origins at a much further remove than 1469, perhaps to the dawning of the Sant movement, which possesses clear affinities to Guru Nanak's thought sometime in the tenth century. The predominant ideology of the Sant ''parampara'' in turn corresponds in many respects to the much wider devotional Bhakti tradition in northern India."〕〔(Sikhism ), Encyclopedia Britannica (2014), Quote: "In its earliest stage Sikhism was clearly a movement within the Hindu tradition; Nanak was raised a Hindu and eventually belonged to the Sant tradition of northern India,"〕 Sikhism developed while the region was being ruled by the Mughal Empire. Two of the Sikh gurus – Guru Arjan and Guru Tegh Bahadur, after they refused to convert to Islam, were tortured and executed by the Mughal rulers.〔Pashaura Singh (2005), Understanding the Martyrdom of Guru Arjan, Journal of Punjab Studies, 12(1), pages 29-62〕〔Surjit Gandhi (2008), History of Sikh Gurus Retold: 1606 -1708, Atlantic Publishers, ISBN 978-8126908585, pages 689-690〕 The Islamic era persecution of Sikhs triggered the founding of the Khalsa as a movement for freedom of religion.〔 A Sikh is expected to embody the qualities of a "Sant-Sipāhī" a saint-soldier. Sikhs are expected to have control over the so-called "Five Thieves" and dispel these by means of the so-called "Five Virtues". ==Sikhi and Sikhism== Sikhi is a monistic religion founded by Guru Nanak during the 15th century holding that there is only one basic substance or principle as the ground of reality and that reality consists of a single element. Adherents of Sikhi are known as Sikhs (students or disciples), the Khalsa. According to Devinder Singh Chahal, "The word 'Sikhi' (also known as Gurmat) gave rise to the modern anglicized word 'Sikhism' for the modern world.". 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sikhism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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