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silentiarius
''Silentiarius'', Hellenized to ''silentiarios'' ((ギリシア語:σιλεντιάριος)) and Anglicized to silentiary, was the Latin title given to a class of courtiers in the Byzantine imperial court, responsible for order and silence ((ラテン語:silentium)) in the Great Palace of Constantinople. In the middle Byzantine period (8th–11th centuries), it was transformed into an honorific court title.
==History and functions==
An imperial edict dated to 326 or 328 provides the earliest attestation of the title.〔.〕 The ''schola'' of the ''silentiarii'' was supervised by the ''praepositus sacri cubiculi'' and its members belonged to the jurisdiction of the ''magister officiorum''.〔.〕 Their function in the palace was to keep order during imperial audiences and to call the meeting of the emperor's privy council, the ''consistorium'' (an act called "''silentium nuntiare''").〔.〕 Four ''silentiarii'' were detailed to the service of the empress. The ''silentiarii'' were chosen from the senatorial class, but freed from the usual obligations of this class. A class of honorary ''silentiarii'', admittance into which could be purchased, also existed.〔 By 437, the size of the actual ''schola'' had been set to thirty, with three ''decuriones'' ((ギリシア語:δεκουρίωνες)) placed in charge of it.〔 Although initially low-ranking, their proximity to the imperial person occasioned the elevation of the ordinary members to the rank of ''vir spectabilis'' in the 5th century and of the ''decuriones'' further to the rank of ''vir illustris'' in the 6th century.〔
After the 6th century, the post became purely ceremonial.〔 The title survived into the lists of offices of the 9th and 10th centuries as the second-lowest among the honorific dignities reserved for the "bearded men" (i.e. non-eunuchs). According to the ''Klētorologion'' of Philotheos, their distinctive badge of office was a gold staff.〔.〕 Peter the Patrician records how the emperor himself would conduct the ceremony of their investiture with the staff.〔.〕 The last attested occurrence of the title is during the reign of Emperor Nikephoros II Phokas (r. 963–969), and like most of the middle Byzantine titles, it seems to have disappeared sometime in the 11th–12th centuries.〔
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