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skiffle
Skiffle is a music genre with jazz, blues, folk and roots influences, usually using homemade or improvised instruments. Originating as a term in the United States in the first half of the 20th century, it became popular again in the UK in the 1950s, where it was mainly associated with musician Lonnie Donegan. Skiffle played a major part in beginning the careers of later eminent jazz, pop, blues, folk and rock musicians and has been seen as a critical stepping stone to the second British folk revival, blues boom and British Invasion of the US popular music scene.
==Origins in the United States==
The origins of skiffle are obscure but are generally thought to lie in African-American musical culture in the early 20th century. Skiffle is often said to have developed from New Orleans jazz, but this claim has been disputed.〔M. Brocken, ''The British folk revival, 1944–2002'' (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2003), pp. 69–80.〕 Improvised jug bands playing blues and jazz were common across the American South in the early decades of the 20th century, even if the term skiffle was not used to describe them.〔L. R. Broer and J. D. Walther, ''Dancing Fools and Weary Blues: the Great Escape of the Twenties'' (Popular Press, 1990), p. 149.〕 They used instruments such as the washboard, jugs, washtub bass, cigar-box fiddle, musical saw and comb-and-paper kazoos, as well as more conventional instruments, such as acoustic guitar and banjo.〔J. R. Brown., ''A Concise History of Jazz'' (Mel Bay Publications, 2004), p. 142.〕
The origin of the English word ''skiffle'' is unknown; however, in the dialect of the west of England ''to make a skiffle'' meaning to make a mess of any business is attested from 1873.〔''A Glossary of Provincial Words & Phrases in Use in Somersetshire'' (Longmans, London: 1873), 33.〕 In early 20th century America the term ''skiffle'' was one of many slang phrases for a rent party, a social event with a small charge designed to pay rent on a house.〔J. Simpson and E. Weiner, eds, ''The Oxford English Dictionary'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2nd edn., 1989), c.f. "skiffle".〕 It was first recorded in Chicago in the 1920s and may have been brought there as part of the African-American migration to northern industrial cities.〔
The first use of the term on record was in 1925 in the name of Jimmy O'Bryant and his Chicago Skifflers. Most often it was used to describe country blues music records, which included the compositions "Hometown Skiffle" (1929) and "Skiffle Blues" (1946) by Dan Burley & his Skiffle Boys.〔J. Minton, ''78 Blues: Folksongs and Phonographs in the American South'' (University Press of Mississippi, 2008), pp. 119–20.〕 It was used by Ma Rainey (1886–1939) to describe her repertoire to rural audiences.〔 The term ''skiffle'' disappeared from American music in the 1940s.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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