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sleepwalking
Sleepwalking, also known as somnambulism or noctambulism, is a sleep disorder belonging to the parasomnia family.〔Barlow, David H. and V. Mark Durand, ''Abnormal Psychology: An Integrative Approach'', Cengage Learning, 2008, ISBN 0-495-09556-7, p. 300.〕 Sleepwalkers arise from the slow wave sleep stage in a state of low consciousness and perform activities that are usually performed during a state of full consciousness. These activities can be as benign as sitting up in bed, walking to a bathroom, and cleaning, or as hazardous as cooking, driving,〔(SLEEP: Sex While Sleeping Is Real, and May Be No Joke ), Michael Smith, MedPage Today Staff Writer, Published: June 19, 2006, access date 08-11-2011〕 violent gestures, grabbing at hallucinated objects,〔Swanson, Jenifer, ed. "Sleepwalking." ''Sleep Disorders Sourcebook''. MI: Omnigraphics, 1999. 249–254, 351–352.〕 or even homicide.〔(Sleepwalk to Murder )〕〔(Sleepwalking, sleep murder, sleep walking, automatism, sleep apnea, insanity defense, obstructive sleep apnea, narcolepsy, insomnia, cataplexy, sleepiness, sleep walking, daytime sleepiness, upper airway, CPAP, hypoxemia, UVVP, uvula, Somnoplasty, ob... )〕
Although sleepwalking cases generally consist of simple, repeated behaviours, there are occasionally reports of people performing complex behaviours while asleep, although their legitimacy is often disputed. Sleepwalkers often have little or no memory of the incident, as their consciousness has altered into a state in which it is harder to recall memories. Although their eyes are open, their expression is dim and glazed over.〔Lavie, Peretz, Atul Malhotra, and Giora Pillar. ''Sleep disorders : diagnosis, management and treatment : a handbook for clinicians''. London: Martin Dunitz, 2002. 146–147.〕 Sleepwalking may last as little as 30 seconds or as long as 30 minutes.〔
==Causes==
Several experts theorize that the development of sleepwalking in childhood is due to a delay in maturation. There are also high-voltage delta waves in somnambulists up to 17 years of age. This presence might suggest an immaturity in the central nervous system, also a possible cause of sleepwalking.〔 Other precipitating factors to sleepwalking are those factors which increase the slow wave sleep stage.〔Pressman. "Factors that predispose, prime and precipitate NREM parasomnias in adults: clinical and forensic implications." ''Sleep Med Rev'' 11.1 (2007):5–30.〕 These most commonly include sleep deprivation, fever, and excessive tiredness. The use of some neuroleptics or hypnotics can also cause sleepwalking to occur.〔Culebras, Antonio. "Somnambulism." ''Clinical Handbook of Sleep Disorders'', Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1996. 317–319.〕
Drug and alcohol consumption has been linked to sleep walking activity. Though alcohol is a sedative, and usually puts a person to sleep, the quality of sleep they undergo is usually not ideal. Alcohol also tends to increase the number of times the sleeper wakes. Not only is the sleep quality an issue, but with alcohol and the risk of getting up and sleep walking, there is the additional problem with intoxication, which is increased clumsiness. With increased clumsiness comes increased danger for the sleep walker to fall into things or fall down stairs, etc. There are treatments for maintaining sleep quality, ideally lessening, or even more ideally, eliminating sleep walking.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.webmd.com/sleep-disorders/drug-alcohol-related )〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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