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A slum is a heavily populated urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor.〔(What are slums and why do they exist? ) UN-Habitat, Kenya (April 2007)〕 While slums differ in size and other characteristics from country to country, most lack reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water, reliable electricity, timely law enforcement and other basic services. Slum residences vary from shanty houses to professionally-built dwellings that because of poor-quality design or construction have deteriorated into slums.〔(UN-HABITAT 2007 Press Release ) on its report, "The Challenge of Slums: Global Report on Human Settlements 2003".〕 Slums were common in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the United States and Europe.〔Lawrence Vale (2007), From the Puritans to the Projects: Public Housing and Public Neighbors, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0674025752〕〔(Back to back housing, courts, and privies: the slums of 19th century England ) J.R. Ashton, Journal Epidemiol Community Health 2006; Volume 60, Issue 8, pages 654〕 More recently slums have been predominantly found in urban regions of developing and undeveloped parts of the world, but are also found in developed economies.〔(Slums: Past, Present and Future ) United Nations Habitat (2007)〕〔(The challenge of slums – Global report on Human Settlements ), United Nations Habitat (2003)〕 According to UN-HABITAT, around 33% of the urban population in the developing world in 2012, or about 863 million people, lived in slums.〔 The proportion of urban population living in slums was highest in Sub-Saharan Africa (61.7%), followed by South Asia (35%), Southeast Asia (31%), East Asia (28.2%), West Asia (24.6%), Oceania (24.1%), Latin America and the Caribbean (23.5%), and North Africa (13.3%). Among individual countries, the proportion of urban residents living in slum areas in 2009 was highest in the Central African Republic (95.9%). Between 1990 and 2010 the percentage of people living in slums dropped, even as the total urban population increased.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=UNHABITAT )〕 The world's largest slum city is in Mexico City.〔Mike Davis, Planet of Slums (Le pire des mondes possibles : de l'explosion urbaine au bidonville global » ), La Découverte, Paris, 2006 (ISBN 978-2-7071-4915-2)〕〔(5 Biggest Slums in the World ), International Business Times, Daniel Tovrov, IB Times (December 9, 2011)〕〔Craig Glenday (Editor), Guinness World Records 2013, Bantam, ISBN 978-0-345-54711-8; see page 277〕 Slums form and grow in many different parts of the world for many different reasons. Some causes include rapid rural-to-urban migration, economic stagnation and depression, high unemployment, poverty, informal economy, poor planning, politics, natural disasters and social conflicts.〔〔Patton, C. (1988). Spontaneous shelter: International perspectives and prospects, Philadelphia: Temple University Press〕〔 Strategies tried to reduce and transform slums in different countries, with varying degrees of success, include a combination of slum removal, slum relocation, slum upgrading, urban planning with city wide infrastructure development, and public housing projects.〔〔(Local Government Actions to Reduce Poverty and Achieve The Millennium Development Goals ), Mona Serageldin, Elda Solloso, and Luis Valenzuela, Global Urban Development Magazine, Vol 2, Issue 1 (March 2006)〕 ==Etymology and nomenclature== It is thought〔(Slum ) Etymology Dictionary, Douglas Harper (2001)〕 that slum is a slang word meaning room, which evolved to ‘‘back slum’’ around 1845 meaning ‘back alley, street of poor people.’ Numerous other terms are often used interchangeably with ''slum'': shanty town, favela, rookery, gecekondu, skid row, barrio, ghetto, bidonville, taudis, bandas de miseria, barrio marginal, morro, loteamento, barraca, musseque, tugurio, solares, mudun safi, karyan, medina achouaia, brarek, ishash, galoos, tanake, baladi, hrushebi, chalis, katras, zopadpattis, bustee, estero, looban, dagatan, umjondolo, watta, udukku, and chereka bete.〔SLUMS OF THE WORLD: THE FACE OF URBAN POVERTY IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM?, ISBN 92-1-131683-9, UN-Habitat; page 30〕 The meaning of term Slum in (ウルドゥー語:کچی آبادی) and (シンド語:ڪچي آبادي). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「slum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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