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socialization
Socialization, also spelled socialisation, is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus "the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained".〔Clausen, John A. (ed.) (1968) ''Socialization and Society'', Boston: Little Brown and Company, p. 5.〕〔Macionis, Gerber, ''Sociology'', 7th Canadian ed. (Pearson Canada, 2010), p. 104.〕
Socialization describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled "moral"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance race or economics, are influenced by the society's consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or "normal". Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment;〔Pinker, Steven. ''The Blank Slate''. New York: Penguin Books, 2002.〕 scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes.〔Dusheck, Jennie, "The Interpretation of Genes". ''Natural History'', October 2002.〕〔Carlson, N. R. ''et al.'' (2005) ''Psychology: the science of behavior''. Pearson (3rd Canadian edition). ISBN 0-205-45769-X.〕〔Ridley, M. (2003) ''Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes us Human''. Harper Collins. ISBN 0-00-200663-4.〕〔Westen, D. (2002) ''Psychology: Brain, Behavior & Culture''. Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-471-38754-1.〕 Genetic studies have shown that a person's environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes.
==Theories==
Socialization is the process by which human infants begin to acquire the skills necessary to perform as a functioning member of their society, and is the most influential learning process one can experience.〔Billingham, M. (2007) Sociological Perspectives p.336 In Stretch, B. and Whitehouse, M. (eds.) (2007) Health and Social Care Book 1. Oxford: Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-435-49915-0〕 Unlike many other living species, whose behavior is biologically set, humans need social experiences to learn their culture and to survive.〔Macionis, John J., and Linda M. Gerber. Sociology. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2011. Print.〕 Although cultural variability manifests in the actions, customs, and behaviors of whole social groups (societies), the most fundamental expression of culture is found at the individual level. This expression can only occur after an individual has been socialized by his or her parents, family, extended family, and extended social networks. This reflexive process of both learning and teaching is how cultural and social characteristics attain continuity. Many scientists say socialization essentially represents the whole process of learning throughout the life course and is a central influence on the behavior, beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of children.〔MLA Style: "socialization." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopaedia Britannica Student and Home Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2010.〕
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