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Sociolinguistics is the descriptive study of the effect of any and all aspects of society, including cultural norms, expectations, and context, on the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Sociolinguistics differs from sociology of language in that the focus of sociology of language is the effect of language on the society, while sociolinguistics focuses on the society's effect on language. Sociolinguistics overlaps to a considerable degree with pragmatics. It is historically closely related to linguistic anthropology and the distinction between the two fields has even been questioned recently.〔(and Jenny Cook-Gumperz, "Studying language, culture, and society: Sociolinguistics or linguistic anthropology?". ) ''Journal of Sociolinguistics'' 12(4), 2008: 532–545.〕 It also studies how language varieties differ between groups separated by certain social variables (e.g., ethnicity, religion, status, gender, level of education, age, etc.) and how creation and adherence to these rules is used to categorize individuals in social or socioeconomic classes. As the usage of a language varies from place to place, language usage also varies among social classes, and it is these ''sociolects'' that sociolinguistics studies. The social aspects of language were in the modern sense first studied by Indian and Japanese linguists in the 1930s, and also by Louis Gauchat in Switzerland in the early 1900s, but none received much attention in the West until much later. The study of the social motivation of language change, on the other hand, has its foundation in the wave model of the late 19th century. The first attested use of the term ''sociolinguistics'' was by Thomas Callan Hodson in the title of his 1939 article "Sociolingistics in India" published in ''Man in India''.〔Paulston, Christine Bratt and G. Richard Tucker, eds. ''Sociolinguistics: The Essential Readings. Malden, Ma.: Wiley-Blackwell, 2003.〕〔(T. C. Hodson and the Origins of British Socio-linguistics by John E. Joseph ) Sociolinguistics Symposium 15, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, April 2004〕 Sociolinguistics in the West first appeared in the 1960s and was pioneered by linguists such as William Labov in the US and Basil Bernstein in the UK. In the 1960s, William Stewart and Heinz Kloss introduced the basic concepts for the sociolinguistic theory of pluricentric languages, which describes how standard language varieties differ between nations (e.g. American/British/Canadian/Australian ''English''; Austrian/German/Swiss ''German''; Bosnian/Croatian/Montenegrin/Serbian ''Serbo-Croatian''). ==Applications of sociolinguistics== For example, a sociolinguist might determine through study of social attitudes that a particular vernacular would not be considered appropriate language use in a business or professional setting. Sociolinguists might also study the grammar, phonetics, vocabulary, and other aspects of this sociolect much as dialectologists would study the same for a regional dialect. The study of language variation is concerned with social constraints determining language in its contextual environment. Code-switching is the term given to the use of different varieties of language in different social situations. William Labov is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics. He is especially noted for introducing the quantitative study of language variation and change,〔Paolillo, John C. ''Analyzing Linguistic Variation: Statistical Models and Methods'' CSLI Press 2001, Tagliamonte, Sali ''Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation'' Cambridge, 2006〕 making the sociology of language into a scientific discipline. Also, the sociolinguistics can study a gradual transition of individual values of a word in the context its semantics which occur in some ethnic, cultural or social groups. For example, Russian linguist A.V. Altyntsev studied the semantics of word "love" (the Udmurt Idiom (''Udmurtish'') of Yiddish ליב ) among the Ashkenazi Jews from Udmurtia and Tatarstan. He was able to make up a gradation of meanings of this word (scale of gradients) and established that the concept of love is a gradual transition of individual values, where reference point raises the profile vector "State – Ethnic commonality – Family".〔Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), p. 127-132. (Алтынцев А.В., ( "Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". ) Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 127-132.) 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sociolinguistics」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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