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sophist
A sophist or sophister ((ギリシア語:σοφιστής), (ラテン語:sophistes)) was a specific kind of teacher in both Ancient Greece and in the Roman Empire. Many sophists specialized in using the tools of philosophy and rhetoric, though other sophists taught subjects such as music, athletics, and mathematics. In general, they claimed to teach arete ("excellence" or "virtue," applied to various subject areas), predominantly to young statesmen and nobility. There are not many writings from and about the first sophists. The early sophists' practice of charging money for education and providing wisdom only to those who could pay resulted in the condemnations made by Socrates through Plato in his Dialogues, as well as by Xenophon in Memorabilia and, somewhat controversially, by Aristotle who, being paid to tutor Alexander the Great, could be accused of being a Sophist . Author of ''The History and Theory of Rhetoric: An Introduction'' James A. Herrick wrote, “In ''De Oratore'', Cicero blames Plato for separating wisdom and eloquence in the philosopher’s famous attack on the Sophists in ''Gorgias''.” The classical tradition of rhetoric and composition refers more to philosophers like Aristotle, Cicero, and Quintilian than to the sophists. Despite these criticisms, however, many sophists flourished in later periods, especially during the era of Roman history known as the Second Sophistic.
==Etymology==
The Greek σοφός (''sophos''), related to the noun σοφία (''sophia''), had the meaning "skilled" or "wise" since the time of the poet Homer and originally was used to describe anyone with expertise in a specific domain of knowledge or craft. For example, a charioteer, a sculptor or a warrior could be described as ''sophoi'' in their occupations. Gradually, however, the word also came to denote general wisdom and especially wisdom about human affairs (for example, in politics, ethics, or household management). This was the meaning ascribed to the Greek Seven Sages of 7th and 6th century BC (like Solon and Thales), and it was the meaning that appeared in the histories of Herodotus. Richard Martin refers to the seven sages as "performers of political poetry."〔Plato protagoras, intro by N Denyer, p1, cambridge up, 2008〕
From the word σοφός (''sophos'') is derived the verb σοφίζω (''sophizo''), which means "to instruct or make learned," but which in the passive voice means "to become or be wise," or "to be clever or skilled in a thing." In turn, from this verb is derived the noun σοφιστής (''sophistes''), which originally meant "a master of one's craft" but later came to mean "a prudent man" or "wise man."〔''A Lexicon Abridged from Liddell and Scott's Greek-English Lexicon'', Oxford: Clarendon, 1996, s.v.v. σοφίζω and σοφιστής.〕 The word for "sophist" in various languages comes from ''sophistes''.
The word "sophist" could also be combined with other Greek words to form compounds. Examples include ''meteorosophist'', which roughly translates to "expert in celestial phenomena"; ''gymnosophist'' (or "naked sophist," a word used to refer to a sect of Indian philosophers, the Gymnosophists), ''deipnosophist'' or "dinner sophist" (as in the title of Athenaeus's Deipnosophistae), and ''iatrosophist'', a type of physician in the later Roman period.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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