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soul
The soul, in many religious, philosophical and mythological traditions, is the incorporeal and, in many conceptions, immortal essence of a living thing.〔"soul."Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010. Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 CD. 13 July 2010.〕 According to most of the Abrahamic religions, only human beings have immortal souls. For example, the Catholic theologian Thomas Aquinas attributed "soul" (''anima'') to all organisms but argued that only human souls are immortal.〔Peter Eardley and Carl Still, ''Aquinas: A Guide for the Perplexed'' (London: Continuum, 2010), pp. 34–35〕 Other religions (most notably Jainism and Hinduism) teach that all biological organisms have souls, while the rest teach that even non-biological entities (such as rivers and mountains) possess souls. This latter belief is called animism.〔("Soul" ), ''The Columbia Encyclopedia'', Sixth Edition. 2001–07. Retrieved 12 November 2008.〕
Greek philosophers such as Socrates, Plato and Aristotle understood the ''psyche'' (ψυχή) to be crowned with the logical faculty, the exercise of which was the most divine of human actions. At his defense trial, Socrates even summarized his teachings as nothing other than an exhortation for his fellow Athenians to excel in matters of the psyche since all bodily goods are dependent on such excellence (''The Apology'' 30a–b).
''Anima mundi'' is the concept of a "world soul" connecting all living organisms on the planet.
==Linguistic aspects==
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