|
''Spāhbed'' (; early form ''spāhpat'', New Persian as ''Spahbod'' and ''Spahbad'') is a Middle Persian title meaning "army chief" used chiefly in the Sassanid Empire. Originally there was a single ''spāhbed'', called the ''Ērān-spāhbed'', who functioned as the generalissimo of the Sassanid army. From the time of Khosrau I (r. 531–579) on, the office was split in four, with a ''spāhbed'' for each of the cardinal directions.〔Gyselen (2004)〕 After the Muslim conquest of Persia, the ''spāhbed'' of the East managed to retain his authority over the inaccessible mountainous region of Tabaristan on the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, where the title, often in its Islamic form ''ispahbadh'' ((ペルシア語:اسپهبذ); Arabic form ''işbahbadh''), survived as a regnal title until the Mongol conquests of the 13th century.〔Bosworth (1997), pp. 207–208〕 The title was also adopted by the Armenians (''()sparapet'') and the Georgians (''spaspeti''), as well as Khotan (''spāta'') and the Sogdians (''spʾdpt'') in Central Asia. It is also attested in Greek sources as ''aspabedēs'' ().〔〔 The title was revived in the 20th century by the Pahlavi dynasty, in the Modern Persian form ''sepahbod'' (), equivalent to a three-star Lieutenant General, ranking below ''arteshbod'' (full General). An equivalent title, ''ispāhsālār'', gained great currency across the Muslim world in the 10th–15th centuries. == Use in pre-Islamic Persia == The title is attested in the Achaemenid Empire in its Old Persian form, ''spādhapati'' (from *''spādha-'' "army" and *''pati-'' "chief"〔), signifying the army's commander-in-chief.〔 The title () continued in use under the Arsacid Parthian Empire, where it seems to have been a hereditary position in one of the seven great houses of the Parthian nobility.〔 The Sassanid Empire, which succeeded the Arsacids, retained the title, which is attested in a series of inscriptions from the 3rd century. Until the early 6th century, there was a single holder of the title, the ''Ērān-spāhbed'', who according to the list of precedence provided by the 9th-century Arab historian Ya'qubi occupied the fifth position in the court hierarchy.〔 The Byzantine and Syriac sources record a number of senior officers who might be holders of the rank in the early 6th century. Thus during the Anastasian War of 502–506, a certain Boes, who negotiated with the Byzantine ''magister officiorum'' Celer and died in 505, is named in the Syriac sources as an ''astabid''. His unnamed successor in the negotiations also bore this title. Although this has been interpreted by some modern scholars as a new office, that of ''astabed'', it is likely that this is simply a corrupted form of ''spāhbed'', since the Greek sources give the name of the second man as Aspebedus or Aspetius.〔Chaumont (1987), pp. 825–826〕〔Martindale, Jones & Morris (1980), p. 169〕 Again, during the Iberian War (526–532), a man named Bawi, according to the historian Procopius a maternal uncle of Khosrau I (r. 531–579), appears. In 527 he took part in negotiations with Byzantine envoys, and in 531 he led an invasion of Mesopotamia along with Chanaranges and Mermeroes. He was executed by Khosrau shortly after his accession for plotting with other nobles to overthrow him in favour of his brother Jamasp.〔〔Martindale, Jones & Morris (1992), p. 137〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「spahbed」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|