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In X-bar theory in linguistics, specifiers, head words, complements and adjuncts together form phrases. Specifiers differ from complements and adjuncts because they are non-recursive, as you can only have one specifier. They are not sisters of the head, but rather sisters of the phrase formed by the head and the complement or adjunct. In English, some example of specifiers are determiners such as ''the'', ''a'', ''this'', quantifiers such as ''no'', ''some'', ''every'', and possessives such as ''John’s'' and ''my mother’s'', which can precede noun phrases. Verb phrases can be preceded by quantifiers such as ''each'', and ''all''. Adjective phrases and adverbial phrases can be preceded by degree words such as ''very'', ''extremely'', ''rather'' and ''quite''. These specifiers are so called because they further qualify the category of the head - in these examples nouns and adverbs - in the phrase. For example: *My friend likes (Austen’s novels ) - ''Jane Austen’s'' specifies ''novels'' in this noun phrase *She is (certain of success ) - ''quite'' specifies ''certain of success'' in the adverbial phrase ''quite certain of success'' In recent transformational grammar, the term ''specifier'' is not normally used to refer to a type of word or phrase, but rather to a structural position provided by X-bar theory or some derivative thereof. In this usage, a phrase (usually a full XP, though in bare phrase structure it could in theory be an intermediate category) is said to occupy the specifier (SpecXP for short) of a head X. In technical syntax terminology, specifier is a YP that is the sister of X′, and the daughter of XP. The rule is XP → (YP) X′, where YP is the specifier. The X-bar schema of this phrase structure can be seen in the tree diagram below (where XP corresponds to X″): center Different form classes can occupy a specifier position, typically determiners and possessors in noun phrases (N″), and an auxiliary verb in a verb phrase (V″). ==References== 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「specifier」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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