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Spelling is the writing of a word or words with the necessary letters and diacritics present in an accepted standard order, "the conventions which determine how the graphemes of a writing system are used to write a language".〔Coulmas, F. (1996), The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems, Oxford:Blackwells〕 It is one of the elements of orthography and a prescriptive element of language. Spellings attempt to transcribe the sounds of the language according to the alphabetic principle, but fully phonetic spellings are exceptions in many languages for various reasons. Pronunciation changes over time in all languages, yet spelling is irregular in most languages and rare in some. In addition, words from other languages may be adopted without being adapted to the spelling system, non-standard spellings are often adopted after extensive common usage, and different meanings of a word or homophones may be deliberately spelled in different ways to differentiate them visually. == Spelling standards and conventions == Uniformity in the spelling of words is one of the features of a standard language in modern times, and official languages usually have standard spellings. However, this is a relatively recent development linked to the compiling of dictionaries, the founding of national academies and other institutions of language maintenance, including compulsory mass education, and often doesn't apply to minority and regional languages. In countries where there is an official language academy; such as France, the Netherlands, and Germany, reforms are regularly made so that spelling better matches the changing pronunciation. Examples include: * German orthography reform of 1996 * Portuguese spelling reform * French ''rectifications orthographiques'' of 1990. English-language spelling reform proposals have been regularly made since the 16th century, but have made little impact apart from a few spellings preferred by Noah Webster having contributed to American and British English spelling differences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「spelling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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