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A ''Sperrbrecher'' (German; informally translated as "pathfinder" but literally meaning "minefield breaker"), was a German auxiliary ship of the First World War and the Second World War that was intended to serve as a type of minesweeper, by sailing ahead of other vessels through minefields, intending to detonate any mines in their path. Also used as anti-aircraft ships, the ''Sperrbrecher'' suffered heavy losses in the war. ==Operational history== Sperrbrecher were already in World War I on the German side used. The Imperial Fleet have a total of thirty Sperrbrecher for clearing mine streets - eight were lost during the war. Some of these ships were equipped with airplanes, such as ''Rio Negro'', ''Plauen'' or ''Wigbert''. In the World War II officially designated as 'Special Purpose Merchant Ships',〔 although termed by the Royal Air Force as 'Heavy Flak Ships',〔Paterson 2004, p. 165.〕 the ''Sperrbrecher'' were converted from merchant ships for their special role, were primarily crewed by merchant seamen, and often had their cargo holds filled with buoyant material to aid in flotation in case of hitting a mine.〔 The bows were also strengthened.〔 Ships converted to the ''Sperrbrecher'' type were usually fitted with heavy anti-aircraft armament, and often carried barrage balloons.〔 The primary use of the ''Sperrbrecher'' was to escort other vessels through cleared paths in defensive minefields, for the purpose of detonating any mines that might have strayed into the passageways.〔Williamson 2009, p. 19.〕 In addition, the ships of the ''Sperrbrecher'' type would, early in the war, be used to clear suspected enemy minefields by simply sailing through them. Even with the strengthened hull and buoyant material, however, the ships suffered heavy losses in this role, and with the advent of acoustically and magnetically fused mines, this role became ineffective.〔Paterson 2004, pp. 164–165.〕 Later in the war the ''Sperrbrecher'' type ships were used to escort U-boats in and out of harbour.〔 Due to their heavy, dual purpose armament and respectable fire control a ''Sperrbrecher'' was also a capable surface combattant, significant enough to deter a RN escort destroyer from engaging for fear of "a bloody nose". In an attempt to counter newer, magnetically fused mines, some ships of the ''Sperrbrecher'' were equipped with a large electromagnet fitted in their bows.〔Ridley 2006, p. 14.〕 Referred to as the VES system, this was intended to detonate magnetic mines well clear of the vessel, the design specifications calling for a distance of from the hull at detonation.〔Breyer 1994.〕 However, careful military intelligence work by the Royal Navy resulted in a method to defeat this method of minesweeping, sinking several ''Sperrbrecher'' through the careful fusing of mines laid as traps, their fuses desensitised to be activated only when the sweeping vessel was directly above them.〔Ridley 2006, pp. 14–15.〕 Over one hundred vessels, mostly merchant ships of around and larger displacement, were converted to serve in the ''Sperrbrecher'' role, and it is estimated that around 50 percent of the vessels converted were lost during the war.〔 During World War II only one commander received the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross for services on a ''Sperrbrecher''. Korvettenkapitän of the Reserves Karl Palmgreen received the award on 3 August 1941 as commander of ''Sperrbrecher'' IX and I.〔Fellgiebel 2000, p. 332.〕 Following the end of the war, some of the surviving ''Sperrbrecher'' were converted back to merchant duties, and some of these vessels continued in their more peaceful service until the 1970s.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sperrbrecher」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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