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Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds in the family Sturnidae. The name "Sturnidae" comes from the Latin word for starling, ''sturnus''. Many Asian species, particularly the larger ones, are called mynas, and many African species are known as glossy starlings because of their iridescent plumage. Starlings are native to the Old World, from Europe, Asia and Africa, to northern Australia and the islands of the tropical Pacific. Several European and Asian species have been introduced to these areas as well as North America, Hawaii and New Zealand, where they generally compete for habitats with native birds and are considered to be invasive species. The starling species familiar to most people in Europe and North America is the common starling, and throughout much of Asia and the Pacific, the common myna is indeed common. Starlings have strong feet, their flight is strong and direct, and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country, and they eat insects and fruit. Several species live around human habitation and are effectively omnivores. Many species search for prey such as grubs by "open-bill probing", that is, forcefully opening the bill after inserting it into a crevice, thus expanding the hole and exposing the prey; this behaviour is referred to by the German verb ''zirkeln'' (pronounced (:ˈtsɪʁkəln)).〔 (See p. 429.)〕 Plumage of many species is typically dark with a metallic sheen. Most species nest in holes and lay blue or white eggs. Starlings have diverse and complex vocalizations and have been known to embed sounds from their surroundings into their own calls, including car alarms and human speech patterns. The birds can recognize particular individuals by their calls and are currently the subject of research into the evolution of human language.〔Zimmer, Carl. ("Starlings' Listening Skills May Shed Light on Language Evolution" ). ''The New York Times'', May 2, 2006. Accessed 14 January 2009.〕 ==Description== Starlings are medium-sized passerines. The shortest-bodied species is Kenrick's starling (''Poeoptera kenricki''), at 15 centimetres (6 in), but the lightest-weight species is Abbott's starling (''Poeoptera femoralis''), which is 34 grams (1.2 oz). The largest starling, going on standard measurements and perhaps weight, is the Nias hill myna (''Gracula robusta''). This species can measure up to and, in domestication they can weigh up to . Rivalling the prior species in bulk if not dimensions, the mynas of the genus ''Mino'' are also large, especially the yellow-faced (''M. dumontii'') and long-tailed mynas (''M. kreffti''). The longest species in the family is the white-necked myna (''Streptocitta albicollis''), which can measure up to , although around 60% in this magpie-like species is comprised by its very long tail.〔''Starlings & Mynas (Helm Identification Guide)'' by Chris Feare. A&C Black (1998). ISBN 978-0713639612.〕 There is less sexual dimorphism in plumage however, with only 25 species showing such differences between the two sexes. The plumage of the starling is often brightly coloured due to iridescence; this colour is derived from the structure of the feathers, not from any pigment. Some species of Asian starling have crests or erectile feathers on the crest. Other ornamentation includes elongated tail feathers and brightly coloured bare areas on the face. These colours can be derived from pigments, or, as in the Bali starling, structural colour, caused by light scattering off parallel collagen fibres. The irises of many species are red and yellow, although those of younger birds are much darker.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「starling」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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