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''Starshina'' ((ロシア語: Старшина)) might be in Slavonic armed forces, the designation of a military rank, comparable to OR-8〔The NATO abbreviation "OR" stands for "other ranks"〕 in NATO, or a military appointment, comparable to company sergeant major in the Army. The equivalent in the modern days Russian Navy is Glavnyj starshina of the ship, OR-8 as well. == Russian Federation == ''Starshina'' ((ロシア語:старшина́), (ウクライナ語:старши́на), from старший, ''starshyi'', "senior"), initially was a Cossacks officership, but in Soviet time it was, and in the Russian Federation it is used as the Company sergeant major at the one hand and the top non-commissioned officer at the other hand. Among Cossacks and in Ukraine, ''starshyna'' was a collective noun for categories of officership or a military elite: junior starshyna (), general starshyna (), military starshyna (), substarshyna (). Polkovnyk or 'colonel' was the next higher rank. Later sometime after the Khmelnytsky's Uprising it also was associated with the Ukrainian nobility which derived out of the officership and dictated whom to be the Hetman in XVII. The some members of starshina became disloyal not only to the Hetman and the Tsar, but also to their own people. Such disposition greatly contributed to the numerous conflicts and uprisings in Ukraine at that time. Coincidentally during this period the territory of Ukraine changes its borders regularly among Moscow, Ottoman Empire, and Poland. In Tsardom of Russia and later Imperial Russia of 17-20th centuries a ''volostnoy starshina'' was a chief of a ''volost'' (a rural administrative unit). He was in charge of the distribution of taxes, resolving conflicts within ''obshchina'', distribution of the usage of community lands, assigning people for military service, etc. Аксакал деревни Ходжагент.jpg|Uzbek, ''stashina'' (аксакал) village Chodshagent (ru: Ходжагент), 1868, drawing by V.V. Vereshchagin. Bashkir elder.jpg|Bashkirs-''starshina'' with starshina insignia — medal, Orenburg, 1892. The rank of ''voiskovoi starshina'' ( - "Starshina of the Army (Host)") was introduced into Russian military ranks in 1826, as equivalent of a Lieutenant Colonel in the Cossack cavalry. In the Soviet Army, a starshina was the highest non-commissioned officer among conscripts; this was changed by reintroduction of the higher-ranking praporshchik in 1972. In the Soviet Navy, it was introduced in 1942 as a petty officer rank; every enlisted seaman ranking above ''Matrose, 1st class'' is a starshina of various ranks. In the army of the Russian Federation there are four ranks in the NCO´s career group, which means: *''Starshina'' (OR-8) *''Starshy sershant'' (OR-7) *''Sershant'' (OR-6) *''Mladshy sershant'' (OR-4) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「starshina」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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