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Stoicism is a school of Hellenistic philosophy founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early 3rd century BC. The Stoics taught that destructive emotions resulted from errors in judgment, and the active relationship between cosmic determinism and human freedom, and the belief that it is virtuous to maintain a will (called ''prohairesis'') that is in accord with nature. Because of this, the Stoics presented their philosophy as a way of life, and they thought that the best indication of an individual's philosophy was not what a person said but how that person behaved.〔John Sellars. ''Stoicism,'' p. 32.〕 Later Stoics—such as Seneca and Epictetus—emphasized that, because "virtue is sufficient for happiness", a sage was immune to misfortune. This belief is similar to the meaning of the phrase "stoic calm", though the phrase does not include the "radical ethical" Stoic views that only a sage can be considered truly free, and that all moral corruptions are equally vicious.〔(Stoicism ), Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.〕 From its founding, Stoic doctrine was popular with a following in Roman Greece and throughout the Roman Empire—including the Emperor Marcus Aurelius—until the closing of all pagan philosophy schools in AD 529 by order of the Emperor Justinian I, who perceived them as being at odds with Christian faith.〔Agathias. ''Histories,'' 2.31.〕 Neostoicism was a syncretic philosophical movement, joining Stoicism and Christianity, influenced by Justus Lipsius. == Basic tenets == The Stoics provided a unified account of the world, consisting of formal logic, monistic physics and naturalistic ethics. Of these, they emphasized ethics as the main focus of human knowledge, though their logical theories were of more interest for later philosophers. Stoicism teaches the development of self-control and fortitude as a means of overcoming destructive emotions; the philosophy holds that becoming a clear and unbiased thinker allows one to understand the universal reason (''logos''). A primary aspect of Stoicism involves improving the individual's ethical and moral well-being: "''Virtue'' consists in a ''will'' that is in agreement with Nature."〔Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy,'' p. 254〕 This principle also applies to the realm of interpersonal relationships; "to be free from anger, envy, and jealousy,"〔Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy'', p. 264〕 and to accept even slaves as "equals of other men, because all men alike are products of nature."〔Russell, Bertrand. ''A History of Western Philosophy'', p. 253.〕 The Stoic ethic espouses a deterministic perspective; in regard to those who lack Stoic virtue, Cleanthes once opined that the wicked man is "like a dog tied to a cart, and compelled to go wherever it goes."〔 A Stoic of virtue, by contrast, would amend his will to suit the world and remain, in the words of Epictetus, "sick and yet happy, in peril and yet happy, dying and yet happy, in exile and happy, in disgrace and happy,"〔 thus positing a "completely autonomous" individual will, and at the same time a universe that is "a rigidly deterministic single whole". This viewpoint was later described as "Classical Pantheism" (and was adopted by Dutch philosopher Baruch Spinoza).〔Charles Hartshorne and William Reese, "Philosophers Speak of God," Humanity Books, 1953 ch 4〕 Stoicism became the foremost popular philosophy among the educated elite in the Hellenistic world and the Roman Empire, to the point where, in the words of Gilbert Murray "nearly all the successors of Alexander () professed themselves Stoics."〔Gilbert Murray, ''The Stoic Philosophy'' (1915), p.25. In Bertrand Russell, ''A History of Western Philosophy'' (1946).〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「stoicism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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