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stoning
Stoning, or lapidation, is a form of capital punishment whereby a group throws stones at a person until he or she dies. No individual among the group can be identified as the one who kills the subject. This is in contrast to the case of a judicial executioner. Slower than other forms of execution, stoning within the context of Modernism or contemporary Western Culture, is considered a form of execution by torture.
Stoning is called Rajm (Arabic: ) in Islamic literature, and a practice found in United Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq, Qatar, Mauritania, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Yemen, Northern Nigeria, Aceh in Indonesia, Brunei, and parts of Pakistan.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Special report: The punishment was death by stoning. The crime? Having a mobile phone )〕〔Ida Lichter, Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression, ISBN 978-1591027164, p. 189〕 In some countries such as Afghanistan and Iraq, stoning has been declared illegal by the government, but it is practiced extrajudicially.〔 In several others, people have been sentenced to death by stoning, but the sentence has not been carried out. In modern times, allegations of stoning are politically sensitive, as in case of Iran, which describes such allegations as political propaganda.
==Practices and methods==
The methods for carrying out stoning may vary across different histories and cultures.
For example, the 2008 version of Islamic Penal Code of Iran detailed how stoning punishments are to be carried out for adultery, and even hints in some contexts that the punishment may allow for its victims to avoid death:〔Amnesty International (2008), (Iran - End executions by Stoning )〕
Article 102 – An adulterous man shall be buried in a ditch up to near his waist and an adulterous woman up to near her chest and then stoned to death.
Article 103 – In case the person sentenced to stoning escapes the ditch in which they are buried, then if the adultery is proven by testimony then they will be returned for the punishment but if it is proven by their own confession then they will not be returned.〔
Article 104 – The size of the stone used in stoning shall not be too large to kill the convict by one or two throws and at the same time shall not be too small to be called a stone.〔
Depending upon the details of the case, the stoning may be initiated by the judge overseeing the matter or by one of the original witnesses to the adultery.〔 Certain religious procedures may also need to be followed both before and after the implementation of a stoning execution, such as wrapping the person being stoned in traditional burial dress before the procedure.
The above 2008 version method of stoning was similar to 1999 version of recommended practice for stoning in Iran's penal code.〔(English Translation of Regulatory Code on Sentences of Qisas, Stoning, Crucifixion, Execution, and Flogging ) Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2013)〕 Iran revised its penal code. The new code does not include the above passages, but includes stoning as a hadd punishment.〔Mohammad Hossein Nayyeri, (The Question of "Stoning to Death" in the New Penal Code of the IRI ) Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (2014)〕 For example, Book I, Part III, Chapter 5, Article 132 of the new Islamic Penal Code (IPC) of 2013 in the Islamic Republic of Iran states, "If a man and a woman commit zina together more than one time, if the death penalty and flogging or stoning and flogging are imposed, only the death penalty or stoning, whichever is applicable, shall be executed".〔 Book 2, Part II, Chapter 1, Article 225 of the Iran's IPC released in 2013 states, "the hadd punishment for zina of a man and a woman who meet the conditions of ihsan shall be stoning to death".〔Iran Human Rights Documentation Center (April 2014), (English Translation of Books I & II of the New Islamic Penal Code ) IHRDC, New Haven, CT〕〔(National Laws - Iran ) (2014)〕
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