|
In linguistics, a suffix (also sometimes termed postfix or ending or, in older literature, affix) is an affix which is placed after the stem of a word. Common examples are case endings, which indicate the grammatical case of nouns or adjectives, and verb endings, which form the conjugation of verbs. Particularly in the study of Semitic languages, a suffix is called an afformative, as they can alter the form of the words. In Indo-European studies, a distinction is made between suffixes and endings (see Proto-Indo-European root). A word-final segment that is somewhere between a free morpheme and a bound morpheme is known as a suffixoid〔Kremer, Marion. 1997. ''Person reference and gender in translation: a contrastive investigation of English and German''. Tübingen: Gunter Narr, p. 69, note 11.〕 or a semi-suffix〔Marchand, Hans. 1969. ''The categories and types of present-day English word-formation: A synchronic-diachronic approach''. Munich: Beck, pp. 356 ff.〕 (e.g., English ''-like'' or German ''-freundlich'' 'friendly'). Suffixes can carry grammatical information (inflectional suffixes) or lexical information (derivational suffixes). An inflectional suffix is sometimes called a desinence.〔(The Free Online Dictionary )〕 Some examples in European languages: :''Girls'', where the suffix ''-s'' marks the plural. :''He makes'', where suffix ''-s'' marks the third person singular present tense. :''It closed'', where the suffix ''-ed'' marks the past tense. :''De beaux jours'', where the suffix ''-x'' marks the plural. :''Elle est passablement jolie'', where the suffix ''-e'' marks the feminine form of the adjective. Many synthetic languages—Czech, German, Finnish, Latin, Hungarian, Russian, Turkish, etc.—use a large number of endings. Suffixes used in English frequently have Greek, French, or Latin origins. Inflection changes the grammatical properties of a word within its syntactic category. In the example: :I was hoping the cloth wouldn't fade, but it has faded quite a bit. the suffix ''-ed'' inflects the root-word ''fade'' to indicate past tense. Inflectional suffixes do not change the word class of the word after inflection.〔Jackson and Amvela(2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary- An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p.83〕 Inflectional suffixes in modern English include: * -s third person singular present * -ed past tense * -t past tense * -ing progressive/continuous * -en past participle * -s plural * -en plural (irregular) * -er comparative * -est superlative * -n't negative Derivational suffixes can be divided into two categories, namely class-changing derivation and class-maintaining derivation.〔Jackson and Amvela(2000): Word, Meaning and Vocabulary- An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. London, Athenaeum Press, p.88〕 Derivational suffixes in modern English include: * -ise/-ize (usually changes nouns into verbs) * -fy (usually changes nouns into verbs) * -ly (usually changes adjectives into adverbs) * -ful (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * -able/-ible (usually changes verbs into adjectives) * -hood (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * -ess (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * -ness (usually changes adjectives into nouns) * -less (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * -ism (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * -ment (usually changes verbs into nouns) * -ist (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) * -al (usually changes nouns into adjectives) * -ish (usually changes nouns into adjectives/ class-maintaining, with the word class remaining an adjective) * -tion (usually changes verbs into noun) * -logy/-ology (usually class-maintaining, with the word class remaining a noun) == References == 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「suffix」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|