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supernumerary
Supernumerary is an adjective which means "exceeding the usual number". When used as a noun, "supernumerary" means a temporary employee, additional society member, or extra manpower,〔(Short lexicon of employee relations )〕〔(Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary )〕 usually in a function which has a temporary contract. Its counterpart, "numerary", is a civil designation for persons who are incorporated in a fixed or permanent way to a society or group, meaning a regular member of the working staff; permanent staff or member.〔(Ability Plus - Training Scheme for People with Disabilities )〕
The terms ''supernumerary'' and "numerary" have long been commonly used in the Spanish and Latin American academy and government; they are now also used in countries all over the world, including France, Great Britain, Italy, and the US. For example, in the Roman army, ''supernumerarii'' were either public officers attendant to several of the Roman magistrates or a kind of soldier who filled the places of those killed or disabled by their wounds, or otherwise brought up the ranks to strength.
The supernumerary role is commonplace in numerous fields. For example, there are supernumerary actors, judges, knights, ladies, military personnel, ministers, police officers, professors, and writers.
==Types of supernumeraries==
There are many types of supernumeraries, depending on the society where they belong:
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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