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In ecology, sustainability is the capacity to endure; it is how biological systems remain diverse and productive indefinitely. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. In more general terms, sustainability is the endurance of systems and processes. The organizing principle for sustainability is sustainable development, which includes the four interconnected domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture.〔; 〕 Sustainability science is the study of sustainable development and environmental science. Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary to the survival of humans and other organisms. Ways of reducing negative human impact are environmentally-friendly chemical engineering, environmental resources management and environmental protection. Information is gained from green chemistry, earth science, environmental science and conservation biology. Ecological economics studies the fields of academic research that aim to address human economies and natural ecosystems. Moving towards sustainability is also a social challenge that entails international and national law, urban planning and transport, local and individual lifestyles and ethical consumerism. Ways of living more sustainably can take many forms from reorganizing living conditions (e.g., ecovillages, eco-municipalities and sustainable cities), reappraising economic sectors (permaculture, green building, sustainable agriculture), or work practices (sustainable architecture), using science to develop new technologies (green technologies, renewable energy and sustainable fission and fusion power), or designing systems in a flexible and reversible manner, and adjusting individual lifestyles that conserve natural resources.〔http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Iain_Black/publication/48381222_Anti-consumption_as_part_of_living_a_sustainable_lifestyle_Daily_practices_contextual_motivations_and_subjective_values/links/02e7e5295f6f10c824000000.pdf〕 Despite the increased popularity of the use of the term "sustainability", the possibility that human societies will achieve environmental sustainability has been, and continues to be, questioned—in light of environmental degradation, climate change, overconsumption, population growth and societies' pursuit of indefinite economic growth in a closed system.〔website for State of the World 2013: Is Sustainability Still Possible? http://blogs.worldwatch.org/sustainabilitypossible/〕〔Strong sustainable consumption governance — precondition for a degrowth path? http://degrowth.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/05/Lorek_Sustainable-consumption.pdf〕 ==Etymology== The name sustainability is derived from the Latin ''sustinere'' (''tenere'', to hold; ''sub'', up). ''Sustain'' can mean “maintain", "support", or "endure”.〔(Dictionary.com )〕〔Onions, Charles, T. (ed) (1964). ''The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary''. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 2095.〕 Since the 1980s ''sustainability'' has been used more in the sense of human sustainability on planet Earth and this has resulted in the most widely quoted definition of sustainability as a part of the concept ''sustainable development'', that of the Brundtland Commission of the United Nations on March 20, 1987: “sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”〔United Nations General Assembly (1987) (''Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future'' ). Transmitted to the General Assembly as an Annex to document A/42/427 - Development and International Co-operation: Environment. Retrieved on: 2009-02-15.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「sustainability」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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