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NATO * ISAF Non-state opponents Wilayah Khorasan〔(【引用サイトリンク】 url =http://seattletimes.com/html/nationworld/2025445123_apxafghanistanislamicstate.html )〕 Jamiat-e Islami Junbish-i-Milli〔 Hezbe Wahdat〔Ibrahimi, Niamatullah. 2009. ‘Divide and Rule: State Penetration in Hazarajat (Afghanistan) from Monarchy to the Taliban’, Crisis States Working Papers (Series 2) 42, London: Crisis States Research Centre, LSE〕 |battles = Civil war in Afghanistan (1992–96) Civil war in Afghanistan (1996–2001) War in Afghanistan (2001–14) War in Afghanistan (2015–present) |url = http://shahamat-english.com/ }} The Taliban ( ' "students"), alternately spelled Taleban, is an Islamic fundamentalist political movement in Afghanistan. The movement originated in the early 1990s, but was not fully unified until its 1994 capture of Kandahar. Under the leadership of Mohammed Omar, the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, sequestering power from the Mujahideen warlords. The Afghan people's weariness of corrupt and despotic tribal leaders led to considerable favorability for the Taliban, leading to the 1996 establishment of a central government. As the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Afghan capital was transferred to Kandahar, and majority control of the country was held from September 1996 until its demise in December 2001. Even at its peak, formal diplomatic recognition of the Taliban's government was acknowledged by only three nations: Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. Mohammed Omar remained supreme commander and spiritual leader of the Taliban until his death in 2013. Mullah Akhtar Mansoor was elected as his replacement in 2015.〔 * *(【引用サイトリンク】title=From the article on the Taliban in Oxford Islamic Studies Online ) *(Mullah Omar: Taliban choose deputy Mansour as successor ), BBC News, July 30, 2015〕 The Taliban is currently waging war (an insurgency, or jihad) limited to interests within Afghanistan.〔("...The Taliban ... have repeatedly said that their jihad is limited to their own country...")〕〔J. Eggers - () published by RAND Corporation (2015-11-11 )〕 While in power, it enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law, an interpretation of which leading Muslims have been highly critical. The Taliban were condemned internationally for events occurring as a result of individuals acting to enforce Sharia law, which resulted in the brutal treatment of women.〔 * *〕 The majority of the Taliban are made up of Afghan Pashtun tribesmen. The Taliban's leaders were influenced by Deobandi fundamentalism, and many also strictly follow the social and cultural norm called Pashtunwali.〔〔〔 From 1995 to 2001, the Pakistani Inter-Services Intelligence and military are widely alleged by the international community to have provided support to the Taliban. Their connections are possibly through Harkat-ul-Mujahideen, a militant group founded by Sami ul Haq. Pakistan is accused by many international officials of continuing to support the Taliban; Pakistan states that it dropped all support for the group after the September 11 attacks. Al-Qaeda also supported the Taliban with fighters from Arab countries and Central Asia. Saudi Arabia provided financial support. Hundreds of thousands of people were forced to flee to United Front-controlled territory, Pakistan, and Iran.〔(US attack on Taliban kills 23 in Pakistan ), The New York Times, 2008-09-09〕 The Taliban and their allies committed massacres against Afghan civilians, denied UN food supplies to 160,000 starving civilians and conducted a policy of scorched earth, burning vast areas of fertile land and destroying tens of thousands of homes during their rule from 1996 to 2001.〔 After the September 11 attacks, the Taliban were overthrown by the American-led invasion of Afghanistan. Later it regrouped as an insurgency movement to fight the American-backed Karzai administration and the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF). The Taliban have been accused of using terrorism as a specific tactic to further their ideological and political goals. According to the United Nations, the Taliban and their allies were responsible for 75% of Afghan civilian casualties in 2010, 80% in 2011, and 80% in 2012.〔ISAF has participating forces from 39 countries, including all 26 NATO members. See 〕 ==Etymology== The word ''Taliban'' is Pashto, ', meaning "students", the plural of ''ṭālib''. This is a loanword from Arabic ', plus the Persian plural ending ''-ān'' (the Arabic plural being ', whereas ' is a dual form with the incongruous meaning, to Arabic speakers, of "two students"). Since becoming a loanword in English, ''Taliban'', besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual. For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as "an American Taliban", rather than "an American Talib". In the English language newspapers of Pakistan, the word ''Talibans'' is often used when referring to more than one Taliban. The spelling ''Taliban'' has come to be predominant over ''Taleban'' in English. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「taliban」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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