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A tariqa (or ''tariqah''; (アラビア語:طريقة) ') is the term for a school or order of Sufism, or especially for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking ''ḥaqīqah'', which translates as "ultimate truth". A tariqa has a ''murshid'' (guide) who plays the role of leader or spiritual director. The members or followers of a tariqa are known as ''murīdīn'' (singular ''murīd''), meaning "desirous", viz. "desiring the knowledge of knowing God and loving God" (also called a ''faqīr'' ) The metaphor of "way, path" is to be understood in connection of the term ''sharia'' which also has the meaning of "path", more specifically "well-trodden path; path to the waterhole". The "path" metaphor of ''tariqa'' is that of a further path, taken by the mystic, which continues from the "well-trodden path" or exoteric of ''sharia'' towards the esoteric ''haqiqa''. A fourth "station" following the succession of ''shariah'', ''tariqa'' and ''haqiqa'' is called ''marifa''. This is the "unseen center" of ''haqiqa'', and the ultimate aim of the mystic, corresponding to the unio mystica in Western mysticism. ''Tasawwuf'', Arabic word that refers to mysticism and Islamic esotericism, is known in the West as Sufism.〔SILVA FILHO, Mário Alves da. (A Mística Islâmica em Terræ Brasilis: o Sufismo e as Ordens Sufis em São Paulo ). Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciências da Religião). São Paulo: PUC/SP, 2012.〕 ==Orders of Sufism== The most popular tariqa in the West is the Mevlevi Order, named after Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī. In the same time the Bektashi Order was also founded, named after the Alevi Muslim saint Haji Bektash Veli. The four main tariqas in South Asia are: the Naqshbandi Order, named after Baha-ud-Din Naqshband Bukhari; the Qadiri Order, named after `Abd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī; the Chishti Order, named after Khawaja Mawdood Chisti while Khawaja Moinuddin Chishti is the most famous sheikh; the Suhrawardi Order, named after Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi. Others can be offshoots of a tariqa. For example, the Qalandariyya has roots in Malamatiyya ''(with Buddhism and Hinduism influence)'' and Wafa'i ''(a combination Yasawiyya-Sunni and Batiniyya-Shi'a)'' of orders are offshoots of the Suhrawardi order. The Maizbhandari Tariqa or Maizbhandari Sufi Order is a liberated Sufism order established in the Bangladesh in the 19th century by the Gausul Azam Hazrat Shah Sufi Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari. (1826 AD − 1906 AD), 27th descendent of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad . Membership of a particular Sufi order is not exclusive and cannot be likened to the ideological commitment to a political party. Unlike the Christian monastic orders which are demarcated by firm lines of authority and sacrament, Sufis often are members of various Sufi orders. The non-exclusiveness of Sufi orders has consequences for the social extension of Sufism. They cannot be regarded as indulging in a zero sum competition which a purely political analysis might have suggested. Rather their joint effect is to impart to Sufism a cumulant body of tradition, rather than individual and isolated experiences.〔Sufi martyrs of love By Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence. Pg 28〕 In most cases the sheikh nominates his ''khalīfa'' or "successor" during his lifetime, who will take over the order. In rare cases, if the sheikh dies without naming a ''khalīfa'', the students of the ṭarīqa elect another spiritual leader by vote. In some orders it is recommended to take a ''khalīf'' from the same order as the ''murshid''. In some groups it is customary for the khalīfa to be the son of the sheikh, although in other groups the khalīfa and the sheikh are not normally relatives. In yet other orders a successor may be identified through the spiritual dreams of its members. Tarīqas have ''silsilas'' ((アラビア語:سلسلة)) "chain, lineage of sheikhs". Almost all orders except the Naqshbandi order claim a ''silsila'' that leads back to Muhammad through ‘Alī. (The Naqshbandi Silsila goes back to Abu Bakr the first Caliph of Sunni Islam and then Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr. Historians however have traced this chain back to ‘Alī as Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr was brought up by ‘Alī from the age of three.) Many other ''silsilas'' contain the names of Shī‘ah Imams. Every ''murid'', on entering the ṭarīqa, gets his '''awrād'', or daily recitations, authorized by his ''murshid'' (usually to be recited before or after the pre-dawn prayer, after the afternoon prayer and after the evening prayer). Usually these recitations are extensive and time-consuming (for example the ''awrād'' may consist of reciting a certain formula 99, 500 or even 1000 times). One must also be in a state of ritual purity (as one is for the obligatory prayers to perform them while facing Mecca). The recitations change as a student (murid) moves from a mere initiate to other Sufi degrees (usually requiring additional initiations). The Initiation ceremony is routine and consists of reading chapter 1 of the Quran followed by a single phrase prayer. Criteria have to be met to be promoted in rank: the common way is to repeat a single phrase prayer 82,000 times or more as in the case of Burhaniyya, a number that grows with each achieved rank. Murids who experience unusual interaction during meditation: hear voices like "would you like to see a prophet?" or see visions who might even communicate with the Murid are held dear in the "Haḍra" (Arabic: حضره ), the weekly group-chanting of prayers in attempt of reaching spirits as they are likely to experience something unusual and pass it on. This Murid is promoted faster than others. The least common way is to cause a miracle to happen with criteria similar to that of Catholic Sainthood. Being mostly followers of the spiritual traditions of Islam loosely referred to as Sufism, these groups were sometimes distinct from the ''ulema'' or officially mandated scholars, and often acted as informal missionaries of Islam. They provided accepted avenues for emotional expressions of faith, and the Tarīqas spread to all corners of the Muslim world, and often exercised a degree of political influence inordinate to their size (take for example the influence that the sheikhs of the Safavid had over the armies of Tamerlane, or the missionary work of Ali-Shir Nava'i in Turkistan among the Mongol and Tatar people). 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tariqa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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