|
The Tetrapharmakos () "four-part remedy" is a summary of the first four of the Κύριαι Δόξαι (''Kuriai Doxai'', the forty Epicurean ''Principal Doctrines'' given by Diogenes Laertius in his ''Life of Epicurus'') in Epicureanism, a recipe for leading the happiest possible life. They are recommendations to avoid anxiety or existential dread.〔"The fundamental obstacle to happiness, says Epicurus, is anxiety," Hutchinson 1994, p. vii.〕 The "tetrapharmakos" was originally a compound of four drugs (wax, tallow, pitch and resin); the word has been used metaphorically by Roman-era Epicureans.〔The name cannot be traced further back than Cicero and Philodemos. Pamela Gordon, ''Epicurus in Lycia: The Second-century World of Diogenes of Oenoanda'', University of Michigan Press (1996), p. 61, fn 85, citing A. Angeli, "Compendi, eklogai, tetrapharmakos" (1986), p. 65.〕 to refer to the four remedies for healing the soul.〔See Liddell and Scott, ''Greek–English Lexicon'', New Edition revised and Augmented by Stuart Jones, Oxford, Clarendon Press.〕 ==The four-part cure== As expressed by Philodemos, and preserved in a Herculaneum Papyrus (1005, 4.9–14), the ''tetrapharmakos'' reads: This is a summary of the first four of the forty Epicurean ''Principal Doctrines'' (''Sovran Maxims'') given by Diogenes Laertius, which in the translation by Robert Drew Hicks (1925) read as follows: :1. A happy and eternal being has no trouble himself and brings no trouble upon any other being; hence he is exempt from movements of anger and partiality, for every such movement implies weakness :2. Death is nothing to us; for the body, when it has been resolved into its elements, has no feeling, and that which has no feeling is nothing to us. :3. The magnitude of pleasure reaches its limit in the removal of all pain. When pleasure is present, so long as it is uninterrupted, there is no pain either of body or of mind or of both together. :4. Continuous pain does not last long in the body; on the contrary, pain, if extreme, is present a short time, and even that degree of pain which barely outweighs pleasure in the body does not last for many days together. Illnesses of long duration even permit of an excess of pleasure over pain in the body. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tetrapharmakos」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|