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tonary
A tonary is a liturgical book in the Western Christian Church containing various chant incipits which is organized according to the eight psalm tones of Gregorian chant. It may include antiphons and responsories from the Mass and Offices. Although they can be standalone works, they were frequently used as an appendix to other liturgical books, like antiphonaries, graduals, tropers, prosers, but also included in collections of musical treatises.
== Function and form ==
Tonaries were particularly important as part of the written transmission of plainchant, although they already changed the oral chant transmission of Frankish cantors entirely before musical notation was used systematically in fully notated chant books.〔The modal patterns, memorized by a short formula, and the deductive classification of chant played an active part in the process of oral transmission, so Anna Maria Busse Berger dedicated a whole chapter of her book (2005, pp. 47-84) to the tonary, in which she described the relationship between music and the medieval art of memory.〕 Since the Carolingian reform the ordering according to the Octoechos assisted the memorization of chant. The exact order was related to the elements of the "tetrachord of the finales" (D—E—F—G) which were called "Protus, Deuterus, Tritus", and "Tetrardus". Each of them served as the finalis of two toni—the "authentic" (ascending into the higher octave) and the "plagal" one (descending into the lower fourth). The eight tones were ordered in these pairs: "Autentus protus, Plagi Proti, Autentus Deuterus" etc. Since Hucbald of Saint-Amand the eight tones were simply numbered according to this order: Tonus I-VIII. Aquitanian cantors usually used both names for each section.
The earliest tonaries, written during the 8th century, were very short and simple without any visible reference to psalmody. Tonaries of the 9th century already ordered a huge repertoire of psalmodic chant into sections of psalmtone endings, even if their melody was not indicated or indicated by later added neumes.〔E.g. a tonary added to Aurelian's theoretical one in a manuscript of the Abbey Saint-Amand (F-VAL 148)—an important centre of the Carolingian Renaissance, has some intonation formulas in later added Paleofrankish neumes.〕 Most of the tonaries which have survived until now can be dated back to the 11th and 12th centuries, while some were written during later centuries, especially in Germany.
The treatise form usually served as a bridge between the Octoechos theory and the daily practice of prayer: memorizing and performing the liturgy as chant and reciting the psalms. This can be studied at a 10th-century treatise called ''Commemoratio brevis de tonis et psalmis modulandis'', which used the Dasia-signs of the ''Musica enchiriadis'' treatise (9th century) in order to transcribe the melodic endings or terminations of psalmody.〔An early copy of the ''Commemoratio brevis'' in a music theory collection written about 1000 (D-BAs Var.1). A list of the sources can be found here: (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.musicologie.org/sites/c/commemoratio_brevis.html )〕 11th-century theorists like Guido of Arezzo (''Regulae rhythmicae'') or Hermann of Reichenau (''Musica'') refused the Dasia tone system, because it displayed tetraphonic tone system and not the systema teleion (corresponding to the white keys of the keyboard) which had all the pitches needed for the "melos of the echoi" (''ex sonorum copulatione'' in "Musica enchiriadis", ''emmelis sonorum'' in the compilation "alia musica").〔Both systems were used by Byzantine psaltes and among them the former was never expected to contain all the degrees of the mode, as they were used "in the melos of the echoi".〕 Nevertheless, the first example of the eighth chapter in ''Musica enchiriadis'', called "Quomodo ex quatuor Sonorum vi omnes toni producantur", already used the fifth of the Protus (D-a) for an illustration, how alleluia melodies are developed by the use of the intonation formula for the "Autentus protus".〔See the copy from the Abbey St. Emmeram (【引用サイトリンク】url=http://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/bsb00034237/image_157 )〕
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