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toreutics
Toreutics is a term, relatively rare in English, for artistic metalworking,〔''Aesthetics: Lectures on Fine Art'' Volume II (Aesthetics) by G. W. F. Hegel and T. M. Knox (1998) p.161〕〔''How to Understand Sculpture'' by Margaret Thomas, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, p.25〕 by hammering gold or silver (or other materials), engraving, Repoussé and chasing to form minute detailed reliefs or small engraved patterns.〔''Hutchinson Encyclopaedia''. Helicon Publishing LTD 2007〕 Toreutics can include metal-engraving – forward-pressure linear metal removal with a burin.〔''Jewelry Concepts & Technology'' by Oppi Untracht (1982) p.283〕
==Archeological background==
Toreutics claims great antiquity.〔''How to Understand Sculpture'' by Margaret Thomas, Kessinger Publishing, 2005, pp. 25–6〕 It was practised in the Bronze Age and was well established centuries before the shaft graves.〔''Social Transformations in Archaeology: Global and Local Perspectives (Material Cultures)'' by Kri Kristiansen (1998) p.135〕 Toureutic items of special quality from the Iron Age are the Certosa situla from Italy and from Slovenia the Vače situla and the Vače belt-plate. Toreutics flourished to an unusual degree among the peoples of Asia Minor, Assyria, Babylon, and passed from thence to ancient Persia.〔''The Cambridge History of Iran'' by I. Gershevitch (1985) p.154〕 One spectacular example of the direct influence of Persia in toreutics is believed to be the Treasure of Nagyszentmiklós found in Transylvania in 1799, and considered to be work of Old Bulgarian〔''A Short History of Modern Bulgaria'' by R.J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 1987〕 gold smiths. It consists of 23 vessels and has been attributed to Attila's Huns,〔''The Empire of the Steppes, a History of Central Asia'' by Rene Grousset (transl. by Naomi Walford), Rutgers University Press, 2005, p.25〕 the Avars〔''Warriors of the Steppe'' by Erik Hildinger, De Capo Press, 1997, pp. 57–92〕 and Pechenegs. The majority of scholars however, consider it Bulgarian (Proto-Bulgarians,〔''Bulgaria – Land of Ancient Civilizations'' by Dimiter Dimitrov, Foreign Language Press, Sofia 1961, p.33〕 Bulgars), because of its runic inscriptions.〔''Bulgarian's Treasures from the Past'' by Ivan Venedikov, Sava Boyadjiev and Dimiter Kartalev, Foreign Languages Press, Sofia 1965, pp. 345–55.〕
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