|
Transgender people experience a mismatch between their gender identity or gender expression and their assigned sex.〔(Stroud District Council "Gender Equality SCHEME AND ACTION PLAN 2007" ), defines the state of being ''transgender'' as "Non-identification with, or non-presentation as, the sex (and assumed gender) one was assigned at birth."〕〔Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. ("GLAAD Media Reference Guide - Transgender glossary of terms" ), "GLAAD", USA, May 2010. Retrieved on 2011-02-24. "An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth."〕〔"(USI LGBT Campaign - Transgender Campaign )" (retrieved 11 January 2012) defines ''transgender people'' as "People who were assigned a sex, usually at birth and based on their genitals, but who feel that this is a false or incomplete description of themselves."〕 ''Transgender'' is also an umbrella term because, in addition to including trans men and trans women whose binary gender identity is the opposite of their assigned sex (and who are sometimes specifically termed ''transsexual'' if they desire medical assistance to transition), it may include genderqueer people (whose identities are not exclusively masculine or feminine, but may, for example, be bigender, pangender, genderfluid, or agender).〔〔B Bilodeau, ''Beyond the gender binary: A case study of two transgender students at a Midwestern research university'', in the ''Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education'' (2005): "Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender()"〕〔"(Layton, Lynne. ''In Defense of Gender Ambiguity: Jessica Benjamin. Gender & Psychoanalysis. I, 1996. Pp. 27–43'' )". Retrieved 2007-03-06〕 Other definitions include third-gender people as transgender or conceptualize transgender people as a third gender,〔Susan Stryker, Stephen Whittle, ''The Transgender Studies Reader'' (ISBN 1135398844), page 666: "The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term “third gender” is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term “transgender.”〕〔Joan C. Chrisler, Donald R. McCreary, ''Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology'', volume 1 (2010, ISBN 144191465X), page 486: "Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity(... ) For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative."〕 and infrequently the term is defined very broadly to include cross-dressers.〔Sari L. Reisner, Kerith Conron, Matthew J. Mimiaga, Sebastien Haneuse, et al, ''Comparing in-person and online survey respondents in the US National Transgender Discrimination Survey: implications for transgender health research'', in ''LGBT Health'', June 2014, 1(2): 98-106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018: "Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and ..."〕 Many transgender people experience a period of identity development that includes gaining better understanding their self-image, self-reflection, and self-expression. The degree to which individuals feel genuine, authentic, and comfortable within their external appearance and accept their genuine identity is referred to as ''transgender congruence''.〔Kozee, H. B., Tylka, T. L., & Bauerband, L. A. (2012). Measuring transgender individuals' comfort with gender identity and appearance: Development and validation of the Transgender Congruence Scale. ''Psychology of Women Quarterly, 36'', 179-196. doi: (10.1177/0361684312442161 )〕 Being transgender is independent of sexual orientation; transgender people may identify as heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual, asexual, etc., or may consider conventional sexual orientation labels inadequate or inapplicable. One effort to quantify the population gave a "rough estimate" that 0.3 percent of adults in the US (1-in-300) are transgender, overlapping to an unknown degree with the estimated 3.5 percent of US adults (1-in-30) who identify as LGB.〔(The Search for the Best Estimate of the Transgender Population (NY Times) )〕〔(Williams Institute UCLA study, see bar graph, Fig5 on p6 (2011) "Understanding the size of the LGBT population is a critical first step to informing a host of public policy and research topics." )〕 ==Evolution of transgender terminology== Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term ''transgender'' in his 1965 reference work ''Sexual Hygiene and Pathology'', writing that the term which had previously been used, ''transsexualism'', "is misleading; actually, "transgenderism" is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism." The term ''transgender'' was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual and transvestite people, including Virginia Prince,〔Thomas E. Bevan, ''The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism'' (2014, ISBN 1440831270), page 42: "The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) (). The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people adovcated the use of this term much more than Prince."〕 who used it in the December 1969 issue of ''Transvestia'', a national magazine for cross dressers she founded. By the mid-1970s both ''trans-gender'' and ''trans people'' were in use as umbrella terms,〔 *In April 1970, ''TV Guide'' published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being "transgendered."() *In the 1974 edition of ''Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions'', ''transgender'' was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 "National TV.TS Conference" held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used "trans-gender" and "trans.people" as umbrella terms.(), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon () *However ''A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry'' (1974) references "transgender surgery" noting, "The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman."()〕 and 'transgenderist' was used to describe people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery (SRS).〔Stryker, S. (2004), "... lived full-time in a social role not typically associated with their natal sex, but who did not resort to genital surgery as a means of supporting their gender presentation ..." in (Transgender ) from the GLBTQ: an encyclopedia of gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer culture. Retrieved on 2007-04-10.〕 By 1976, ''transgenderist'' was abbreviated as ''TG'' in educational materials.〔''The Radio Times'' (1979: 2 June)〕 By 1984, the concept of a "transgender community" had developed, in which ''transgender'' was used as an umbrella term; in 1985, Richard Elkins established the "Trans-Gender Archive" at the University of Ulster.〔 By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined ''transgender'' as an expansive umbrella term including "transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers" and anyone transitioning. The term ''trans man'' refers to a man who has transitioned from female-to-male, and ''trans woman'' refers to a woman who has transitioned from male-to-female. Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person's past; many also note that ''transgender'' should be used as an adjective, not a noun (for example, "Max is transgender" or "Max is a transgender man", not "Max is a transgender"), and that ''transgender'' should be used, not ''transgendered''.〔Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. ("GLAAD's Transgender Resource Page" ), "GLAAD", USA. Retrieved on 2011-02-24. "Problematic: "transgendered". Preferred: transgender. The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous "-ed" tacked onto the end. An "-ed" suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, and bisexual. You would not say that Elton John is "gayed" or Ellen DeGeneres is "lesbianed," therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is "transgendered."〕〔(Dan Savage, ''Savage Love: Gayed, Blacked, Transgendered'' (Creative Loafing, 11 January 2014) )〕〔(Guardian and Observer style guide ): use transgender () only as an adjective: transgender person, trans person; never "transgendered person" or "a transgender"〕 People who are neither transgender nor genderqueer — people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth — are termed ''cisgender''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「transgender」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|