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travancore
The Kingdom of Travancore (; (:t̪iɾuʋit̪aːmkuːr))(Malayalam:തിരുവിതാംകൂർ) was an Indian kingdom from 1729 to 1949. It was ruled by the Travancore Royal Family from Padmanabhapuram, and later Thiruvananthapuram. At its zenith, the kingdom covered most of modern-day central and southern Kerala, Kanyakumari district. The official flag of the state was red with a dextrally-coiled silver conch shell (''Turbinella pyrum'') at its centre. In the early 19th century, the kingdom became a princely state of the British Empire, and the king was accorded a 21 gun-salute locally and a 19-gun salute outside the kingdom. The Travancore Government took many progressive steps on the socio-economic front and during the reign of Maharajah Sri Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma, Travancore became the second most prosperous princely state in British India, with reputed achievements in education, political administration, public work and social reforms.〔"Travancore." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2011. Web. 11 November 2011.〕〔Chandra Mallampalli, Christians and Public Life in Colonial South India, 1863–1937: Contending with Marginality, RoutledgeCurzon, 2004, p. 30〕
==Name==
When the region was once part of the Chera empire, it was known as ''Thiruvazhumkode'' (തിരുവാഴുംകോട്, ''tiruvāḻuṃkōṭŭ'').〔 It was contracted to ''Thiruvankode'' (തിരുവാങ്കോട്, ''tiruvāṅkōṭŭ''), and anglicised by the English to ''Travancore''.
In course of time, the Ay (or Aayi) kingdom, part of the Chera empire, which ruled the Thiruvazhumkode area, became independent, and the land was called ''Aayi desam'' or ''Aayi rajyam'', meaning 'Aayi territory'. The Aayis controlled the land from present day Kollam district in the north, through Thiruvananthapuram district, all in Kerala, to the Kanyakumari district. There were two capitals, the major one at Kollam (''Venad Swaroopam'' or ''Desinganadu'') and a subsidiary one at Thrippapur (''Thrippapur Swaroopam'' or ''Nanjinad''). The kingdom was thus also called Venad. Kings of Venad had, at various times, travelled from Kollam and built residential palaces in Thiruvithamcode and Kalkulam. Thiruvithamcode became the capital of the Thrippapur Swaroopam, and the country was referred to as ''Thiruvithamcode'' by Europeans even after the capital had been moved in 1601 to Padmanabhapuram, near Kalkulam. By the time of King Marthanda Varma, the southern half of the kingdom had become dominant. During his reign, it absorbed the north and Thiruvithamcode or Travancore became the official name.
Travancore, Victoria, a suburb of Melbourne, Australia, is named after the state.
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