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Trespass is an area of criminal law or tort law broadly divided into three groups: trespass to the person, trespass to chattels and trespass to land. Trespass to the person historically involved six separate trespasses: threats, assault, battery, wounding, mayhem, and maiming.〔Underhill and Pease, p. 242〕 Through the evolution of the common law in various jurisdictions, and the codification of common law torts, most jurisdictions now broadly recognize three trespasses to the person: assault, which is "any act of such a nature as to excite an apprehension of battery";〔''Johnson v. Glick'', 〕 battery, "any intentional and unpermitted contact with the plaintiff's person or anything attached to it and practically identified with it";〔 and false imprisonment, the " or of freedom from restraint of movement".〔''Broughton v. New York'', 37 N.Y.2d 451, 456–7〕 Trespass to chattels, also known as trespass to goods or trespass to personal property, is defined as "an intentional interference with the possession of personal property … proximately injury".〔''Thrifty-Tel, Inc., v. Bezenek'', 46 Cal. App. 4th 1559, 1566–7〕 Trespass to chattel does not require a showing of damages. Simply the "intermeddling with or use of … the personal property" of another gives cause of action for trespass.〔''Thrifty-Tel'', at 1567〕〔Restatement (Second) of Torts § 217(b)〕 Since ''CompuServe Inc. v. Cyber Promotions'', various courts have applied the principles of trespass to chattel to resolve cases involving unsolicited bulk e-mail and unauthorized server usage.〔''America Online, Inc., v. LCGM, Inc.'', 〕〔''America Online, Inc. v. IMS'', 〕〔''eBay, Inc., v. Bidder's Edge, Inc.'', 〕〔''Register.com, Inc., v. Verio, Inc.'', 〕 Trespass to land is today the tort most commonly associated with the term ''trespass''; it takes the form of "wrongful interference with one's possessory rights in () property".〔''Robert's River Rides v. Steamboat Dev.'', 〕 Generally, it is not necessary to prove harm to a possessor's legally protected interest; liability for unintentional trespass varies by jurisdiction. " common law, every unauthorized entry upon the soil of another was a trespasser"; however, under the tort scheme established by the Restatement of Torts, liability for unintentional intrusions arises only under circumstances evincing negligence or where the intrusion involved a highly dangerous activity.〔''Loe et ux. v. Lenhard et al.'', 〕 Trespass has also been treated as a common law offense in some countries. ==Trespass to the person== There are three types of trespass, the first of which is trespass to the person. Whether intent is a necessary element of trespass to the person varies by jurisdiction. Under English decision, ''Letang v Cooper'', intent is required to sustain a trespass to the person cause of action; in the absence of intent, negligence is the appropriate tort. In other jurisdictions, gross negligence is sufficient to sustain a trespass to the person, such as when a defendant negligently operates an automobile and strikes the plaintiff with great force. "Intent is to be presumed from the act itself."〔''Myers v. Baker'', qtd. in ''McKenzie v. Killian'', (An automobile accident occurring wrongfully and with great force constitutes a trespass if facts prove an intentional or grossly negligent act. Intent is presumed from the act itself.)〕 Generally, trespass to the person consists of three torts: assault, battery, and false imprisonment. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「trespass」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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