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Trigonometry (from Greek ''trigōnon'', "triangle" and ''metron'', "measure"〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=trigonometry )〕) is a branch of mathematics that studies relationships involving lengths and angles of triangles. The field emerged in the Hellenistic world during the 3rd century BC from applications of geometry to astronomical studies.〔R. Nagel (ed.), ''Encyclopedia of Science'', 2nd Ed., The Gale Group (2002)〕 The 3rd-century astronomers first noted that the lengths of the sides of a right-angle triangle and the angles between those sides have fixed relationships: that is, if at least the length of one side and the value of one angle is known, then all other angles and lengths can be determined algorithmically. These calculations soon came to be defined as the trigonometric functions and today are pervasive in both pure and applied mathematics: fundamental methods of analysis such as the Fourier transform, for example, or the wave equation, use trigonometric functions to understand cyclical phenomena across many applications in fields as diverse as physics, mechanical and electrical engineering, music and acoustics, astronomy, ecology, and biology. Trigonometry is also the foundation of surveying. Trigonometry is most simply associated with planar right-angle triangles (each of which is a two-dimensional triangle with one angle equal to 90 degrees). The applicability to non-right-angle triangles exists, but, since any non-right-angle triangle (on a flat plane) can be bisected to create two right-angle triangles, most problems can be reduced to calculations on right-angle triangles. Thus the majority of applications relate to right-angle triangles. One exception to this is spherical trigonometry, the study of triangles on spheres, surfaces of constant positive curvature, in elliptic geometry (a fundamental part of astronomy and navigation). Trigonometry on surfaces of negative curvature is part of hyperbolic geometry. Trigonometry basics are often taught in schools, either as a separate course or as a part of a precalculus course. == History == (詳細はSumerian astronomers studied angle measure, using a division of circles into 360 degrees.〔Aaboe, Asger. Episodes from the Early History of Astronomy. New York: Springer, 2001. ISBN 0-387-95136-9〕 They, and later the Babylonians, studied the ratios of the sides of similar triangles and discovered some properties of these ratios but did not turn that into a systematic method for finding sides and angles of triangles. The ancient Nubians used a similar method. In the 3rd century BC, Hellenistic Greek mathematicians such as Euclid (from Alexandria, Egypt) and Archimedes (from Syracuse, Sicily) studied the properties of chords and inscribed angles in circles, and they proved theorems that are equivalent to modern trigonometric formulae, although they presented them geometrically rather than algebraically. In 140 BC Hipparchus (from Iznik, Turkey) gave the first tables of chords, analogous to modern tables of sine values, and used them to solve problems in trigonometry and spherical trigonometry.〔Thurston, (pp. 235–236 ).〕 In the 2nd century AD the Greco-Egyptian astronomer Ptolemy (from Alexandria, Egypt) printed detailed trigonometric tables (Ptolemy's table of chords) in Book 1, chapter 11 of his Almagest. Ptolemy used chord length to define his trigonometric functions, a minor difference from the sine convention we use today.〔Thurston, (pp. 239–243 ).〕 (The value we call sin(θ) can be found by looking up the chord length for twice the angle of interest (2θ) in Ptolemy's table, and then dividing that value by two.) Centuries passed before more detailed tables were produced, and Ptolemy's treatise remained in use for performing trigonometric calculations in astronomy throughout the next 1200 years in the medieval Byzantine, Islamic, and, later, Western European worlds. The modern sine convention is first attested in the ''Surya Siddhanta'', and its properties were further documented by the 5th century (AD) Indian mathematician and astronomer Aryabhata.〔Boyer p. 215〕 These Greek and Indian works were translated and expanded by medieval Islamic mathematicians. By the 10th century, Islamic mathematicians were using all six trigonometric functions, had tabulated their values, and were applying them to problems in spherical geometry. At about the same time, Chinese mathematicians developed trigonometry independently, although it was not a major field of study for them. Knowledge of trigonometric functions and methods reached Western Europe via Latin translations of Ptolemy's Greek Almagest as well as the works of Persian and Arabic astronomers such as Al Battani and Nasir al-Din al-Tusi.〔Boyer pp. 237, 274〕 One of the earliest works on trigonometry by a northern European mathematician is ''De Triangulis'' by the 15th century German mathematician Regiomontanus, who was encouraged to write, and provided with a copy of the Almagest, by the Byzantine Greek scholar cardinal Basilios Bessarion with whom he lived for several years.〔http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Regiomontanus.html〕 At the same time another translation of the Almagest from Greek into Latin was completed by the Cretan George of Trebizond.〔N.G. Wilson, ''From Byzantium to Italy. Greek Studies in the Italian Renaissance'', London, 1992. ISBN 0-7156-2418-0〕 Trigonometry was still so little known in 16th-century northern Europe that Nicolaus Copernicus devoted two chapters of ''De revolutionibus orbium coelestium'' to explain its basic concepts. Driven by the demands of navigation and the growing need for accurate maps of large geographic areas, trigonometry grew into a major branch of mathematics. Bartholomaeus Pitiscus was the first to use the word, publishing his ''Trigonometria'' in 1595. Gemma Frisius described for the first time the method of triangulation still used today in surveying. It was Leonhard Euler who fully incorporated complex numbers into trigonometry. The works of the Scottish mathematicians James Gregory in the 17th century and Colin Maclaurin in the 18th century were influential in the development of trigonometric series.〔William Bragg Ewald (2008). ''(From Kant to Hilbert: a source book in the foundations of mathematics )''. Oxford University Press US. p. 93. ISBN 0-19-850535-3〕 Also in the 18th century, Brook Taylor defined the general Taylor series.〔Kelly Dempski (2002). ''(Focus on Curves and Surfaces )''. p. 29. ISBN 1-59200-007-X〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「trigonometry」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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