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A triumvirate (from Latin, ''triumvirātus'', from ''trēs'' three + ''vir'' man) is a political regime dominated by three powerful individuals, each a triumvir (pl. triumvirs or triumviri). The arrangement can be formal or informal, and though the three are usually equal on paper, in reality this is rarely the case. The term can also be used to describe a state with three different military leaders who all claim to be the sole leader. In the context of the Soviet Union and Russia, the term troika (Russian for "threesome") is used for "triumvirate", directly borrowed from Russian language. Eventually the word "troika" came into usage in other contexts. ==Roman triumvirates== Originally, ''triumviri'' were special commissions of three men appointed for specific administrative tasks apart from the regular duties of Roman magistrates. The ''triumviri capitales'', for instance, oversaw prisons and executions, along with other functions that, as Andrew Lintott notes, show them to have been "a mixture of police superintendents and justices of the peace."〔Andrew Lintott, ''Violence in Republican Rome'' (Oxford University Press, 1999, 2nd ed.), p. 102 (online. )〕 The ''capitales'' were first established around 290–287 BCE.〔Livy, ''Periocha'' 11.〕 They were supervised by the ''praetor urbanus''. These ''triumviri'', or the ''tresviri nocturni'',〔''Triumviri'' or ''tresviri nocturni'' may be another name or nickname for the ''capitales'', because their duties often pertained to the streets at night.〕 may also have taken some responsibility for fire control.〔John E. Stambaugh, ''The Ancient Roman City'' (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988), p. 347, note 4 (online ) and p. 348, note 13; O.F. Robinson, ''Ancient Rome: City Planning and Administration'' (Routledge, 1994), p. 105 (online. )〕 Three-man commissions were also appointed for purposes such as establishing colonies (''triumviri coloniae deducendae'') or distributing land.〔Andrew Lintott, ''The Constitution of the Roman Republic'' (Oxford University Press, 1999), pp. 12 and 95 (online. )〕 ''Triumviri mensarii'' served as public bankers;〔Jean Andreau, ''Banking and Business in the Roman World'' (Cambridge University Press, 1999), p. 115 (online. )〕 the full range of their financial functions in 216 BCE, when the commission included two men of consular rank, has been the subject of debate.〔Rachel Feig Vishnia, ''State, Society, and Popular Leaders in Mid-Republican Rome, 241-167 B.C.'' (Routledge, 1996), p. 86ff. (online. )〕 Another form of three-man commission was the ''tresviri epulones'', who were in charge of organizing public feasts on holidays. This commission was created in 196 BCE by a tribunician law on behalf of the people, and their number was later increased to seven (''septemviri epulones'').〔Livy 33.42.1; Vishnia, ''State, Society, and Popular Leaders'', p. 171; Fergus Millar, ''Rome, the Greek World, and the East'' (University of North Caroline Press, 2002), p. 122 (online ); Lintott, ''Constitution'', p. 184.〕 In the late Republic, two three-man political alliances are called triumvirates by modern scholars, though only for the second was the term ''triumviri'' used at the time to evoke constitutional precedents: * The so-called First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance of Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus ("Pompey the Great") and Marcus Crassus. The arrangement had no legal status, and its purpose was to consolidate the political power of the three and their supporters against the senatorial elite. After the death of Crassus in 53 BCE, the two survivors fought a civil war, during which Pompey was killed and Caesar established his sole rule as perpetual dictator. *The Second Triumvirate was recognized as a triumvirate at the time. A ''Lex Titia'' formalized the rule of Octavian, Mark Antony, and Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. The legal language makes reference to the traditional ''tresviri''. This "three-man commission for restoring the constitution of the republic" (''tresviri rei publicae constituendae'') in fact was given the power to make or annul law without approval from either the Senate or the people; their judicial decisions were not subject to appeal, and they named magistrates at will. Although the constitutional machinery of the Republic was not irrevocably dismantled by the ''Lex Titia'', in the event it never recovered.〔Christopher Pelling, "The Triumviral Period," in ''The Cambridge Ancient History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1996, 2nd ed.), vol. 10, p. 1 (online. )〕 Lepidus was sidelined early in the triumvirate, and Antony was eliminated in civil war, leaving Octavian the sole leader. In various municipalities under the Principate, the chief magistracy was a college of three, styled ''triumviri''. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「triumvirate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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