|
Truth is most often used to mean being in accord with fact or reality,〔Merriam-Webster's Online Dictionary, (truth ), 2005〕 or fidelity to an original or to a standard or ideal.〔 Truth may also often be used in modern contexts to refer to an idea of "truth to self," or authenticity. The commonly understood opposite of truth is falsehood, which, correspondingly, can also take on a logical, factual, or ethical meaning. The concept of truth is discussed and debated in several contexts, including philosophy, art, and religion. Many human activities depend upon the concept, where its nature as a concept is assumed rather than being a subject of discussion; these include most (but not all) of the sciences, law, journalism, and everyday life. Some philosophers view the concept of truth as basic, and unable to be explained in any terms that are more easily understood than the concept of truth itself. Commonly, truth is viewed as the correspondence of language or thought to an independent reality, in what is sometimes called the correspondence theory of truth. Other philosophers take this common meaning to be secondary and derivative. According to Martin Heidegger, the original meaning and essence of "Truth" in Ancient Greece was unconcealment, or the revealing or bringing of what was previously hidden into the open, as indicated by the original Greek term for truth, "Aletheia."〔http://aphelis.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/02/Martin-Heidegger-On-the-Essence-of-Truth.pdf 〕〔http://www.ontology.co/heidegger-aletheia.htm 〕 On this view, the conception of truth as correctness is a later derivation from the concept's original essence, a development Heidegger traces to the Latin term "Veritas." Pragmatists like C.S. Pierce take Truth to have some manner of essential relation to human practices for inquiring into and discovering Truth, with Pierce himself holding that Truth is what human inquiry would find out on a matter, if our practice of inquiry were taken as far as it could profitably go: "The opinion which is fated to be ultimately agreed to by all who investigate, is what we mean by the truth..."〔http://www.peirce.org/writings/p119.html〕 Various theories and views of truth continue to be debated among scholars, philosophers, and theologians. Language and words are a means by which humans convey information to one another and the method used to determine what is a "truth" is termed a criterion of truth. There are differing claims on such questions as what constitutes truth: what things are truthbearers capable of being true or false; how to define and identify truth; the roles that faith-based and empirically based knowledge play; and whether truth is subjective or objective, relative or absolute. Friedrich Nietzsche famously suggested that an ancient, metaphysical belief in the divinity of Truth lies at the heart of and has served as the foundation for the entire subsequent Western intellectual tradition: "But you will have gathered what I am getting at, namely, that it is still a ''metaphysical faith on which our faith in science rests--that even we knowers of today, we godless anti-metaphysicians still take ''our'' fire too, from the flame lit by the thousand-year old faith, the Christian faith which was also Plato's faith, that God is Truth; that Truth is 'Divine'..."〔https://books.google.com/books?id=Vf8KETLiKXMC&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=%22even+we+knowers+of+today%22&source=bl&ots=7qSyh9BPvR&sig=01b2vnYxp5qKardifUhRjuQuGdE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAWoVChMIiMOJzafSxwIVQ2g-Ch2Pnw1h#v=onepage&q=%22even%20we%20knowers%20of%20today%22&f=false〕〔https://books.google.com/books?id=wMzu8j4D1SYC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=%22even+we+knowers+of+today%22&source=bl&ots=ZuPBi79vPv&sig=L6iUmuWkGXbXrV3h-DWvkQyFjyE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMIiMOJzafSxwIVQ2g-Ch2Pnw1h#v=onepage&q=god%20is%20truth&f=false〕 ==Definition and etymology== The English word ''truth'' is derived from Old English ''tríewþ, tréowþ, trýwþ'', Middle English ''trewþe'', cognate to Old High German ''triuwida'', Old Norse ''tryggð''. Like ''troth'', it is a ''-th'' nominalisation of the adjective ''true'' (Old English ''tréowe''). The English word ''true'' is from Old English (West Saxon) ''(ge)tríewe, tréowe'', cognate to Old Saxon ''(gi)trûui'', Old High German ''(ga)triuwu'' (Modern German ''treu'' "faithful"), Old Norse ''tryggr'', Gothic ''triggws'',〔see Holtzmann's law for the ''-ww-'' : ''-gg-'' alternation.〕 all from a Proto-Germanic '' *trewwj-'' "having good faith", perhaps ultimately from PIE *dru- "tree", on the notion of "steadfast as an oak" (e.g., Sanskrit "dru" tree).〔(【引用サイトリンク】first=Online )〕 Old Norse ', "faith, word of honour; religious faith, belief"〔''(A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic )'', Geir T. Zoëga (1910), Northvegr.org〕 (archaic English ''troth'' "loyalty, honesty, good faith", compare '). Thus, 'truth' involves both the quality of "faithfulness, fidelity, loyalty, sincerity, veracity",〔OED on ''true'' has "Steadfast in adherence to a commander or friend, to a principle or cause, to one's promises, faith, etc.; firm in allegiance; faithful, loyal, constant, trusty; Honest, honourable, upright, virtuous, trustworthy; free from deceit, sincere, truthful " besides "Conformity with fact; agreement with reality; accuracy, correctness, verity; Consistent with fact; agreeing with the reality; representing the thing as it is; Real, genuine; rightly answering to the description; properly so called; not counterfeit, spurious, or imaginary."〕 and that of "agreement with fact or reality", in Anglo-Saxon expressed by ''sōþ'' (Modern English ''sooth''). All Germanic languages besides English have introduced a terminological distinction between truth "fidelity" and truth "factuality". To express "factuality", North Germanic opted for nouns derived from ''sanna'' "to assert, affirm", while continental West Germanic (German and Dutch) opted for continuations of ''wâra'' "faith, trust, pact" (cognate to Slavic ''věra'' "(religious) faith", but influenced by Latin ''verus''). Romance languages use terms following the Latin ''veritas'', while the Greek ''aletheia'', Russian ''pravda'' and South Slavic ''istina'' have separate etymological origins. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「truth」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|