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Tulpa (; (サンスクリット:निर्मित) and ;〔Rinbochay, Lati; Rinbochay, Denma Lochö; Zahler, Leah (translator); & Hopkins, Jeffrey (translator) (1983, 1997). ''Meditative States in Tibetan Buddhism''. Somerville, Mass.: Wisdom Publications. ISBN 0-86171-119-X. p.188.〕 "to build" or "to construct") also translated as "magical emanation",〔DeWitt Garson, Nathaniel. Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra〕 "conjured thing" 〔David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature〕 and "phantom" 〔Ulrich Timme K RAGH, All Mind, No Text – All Text, No Mind Tracing Yogācāra in the Early Bka' brgyud Literature of Dags po〕 is a concept in mysticism of a being or object which is created through sheer spiritual or mental discipline alone. It is defined in Indian Buddhist texts as any unreal, illusory or mind created apparition. According to Alexandra David-Néel, tulpas are "magic formations generated by a powerful concentration of thought." It is a materialized thought that has taken physical form and is usually regarded as synonymous to a thoughtform. == Indian Buddhism == One early Buddhist text, the ''Samaññaphala Sutta'' lists the ability to create a “mind-made body” (''manomāyakāya'') as one of the "fruits of the contemplative life". Commentarial texts such as the ''Patisambhidamagga'' and the ''Visuddhimagga'' state that this mind-made body is how Gautama Buddha and arhats are able to travel into heavenly realms using the continuum of the mindstream (bodhi) and it is also used to explain the multiplication miracle of the Buddha as illustrated in the ''Divyavadana'', in which the Buddha multiplied his emanation body ("nirmita") into countless other bodies which filled the sky. A Buddha or other realized being is able to project many such "nirmitas" simultaneously in an infinite variety of forms, in different realms simultaneously.〔David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 125〕 The Indian Buddhist philosopher Vasubandhu defined ''nirmita'' as a siddhi or psychic power (Pali: ''iddhi'', Skt: ''ṛddhi'') developed through Buddhist discipline, concentrative discipline and wisdom (''samadhi'') in his seminal work on Buddhist philosophy, the ''Abhidharmakośa''. Asanga's ''Bodhisattvabhūmi'' defines nirmāṇa as a magical illusion and “basically, something without a basis”.〔David V. Fiordalis, Miracles and Superhuman Powers in South Asian Buddhist Literature, pg 130〕 The Madhyamaka school of philosophy sees all reality as empty of essence, all reality is seen as a form of nirmita or magical illusion. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tulpa」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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