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Tulum ((:tu'lum), Yucatec: ''Tulu'um'') is the site of a Pre-Columbian Maya walled city serving as a major port for Cobá.〔 "Maya sites in Quintana Roo: Tulúm" (history), ''Athena Review'' Vol.2, no.1, 2003, webpage: (AthenaPub-Tulum ). 〕 The ruins are situated on tall cliffs, along the east coast of the Yucatán Peninsula on the Caribbean Sea in the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico.〔 Tulum was one of the last cities built and inhabited by the Maya; it was at its height between the 13th and 15th centuries and managed to survive about 70 years after the Spanish began occupying Mexico. Old World diseases brought by the Spanish settlers appear to have resulted in very high fatalities, disrupting the society and eventually causing the city to be abandoned. One of the best-preserved coastal Maya sites, Tulum is today a popular site for tourists.〔 ==History and description== The Maya site may formerly have been known by the name Zama, meaning ''City of Dawn,'' because it faces the sunrise. Tulum stands on a bluff facing east toward the Caribbean Sea. ''Tulúm'' is also the Yucatan Mayan word for ''fence'', ''wall''〔 or ''trench.'' The walls surrounding the site allowed the Tulum fort to be defended against invasions. Tulum had access to both land and sea trade routes, making it an important trade hub, especially for obsidian. From numerous depictions in murals and other works around the site, Tulum appears to have been an important site for the worship of the Diving or Descending god.〔 Tulum had an estimated population of 1,000 to 1,600 inhabitants. Tulum was first mentioned by Juan Díaz, a member of Juan de Grijalva's Spanish expedition of 1518, the first Europeans to spot Tulum.〔 The first detailed description of the ruins was published by John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood in 1843 in the book ''Incidents of Travel in Yucatan''. As they arrived from the sea, Stephens and Catherwood first saw a tall building that impressed them greatly, most likely the great Castillo of the site. They made accurate maps of the site’s walls, and Catherwood made sketches of the Castillo and several other buildings. Stephens and Catherwood also reported an early classic stele at the site, with an inscribed date of AD 564 (now in the British Museum's collection). This has bee interpreted as meaning that the stele was likely built elsewhere and brought to Tulum to be reused.〔(British Museum Collection )〕 Work conducted at Tulum continued with that of Sylvanus Morley and George P. Howe, beginning in 1913. They worked to restore and open the public beaches. The work was continued by the Carnegie Institution from 1916 to 1922, Samuel Lothrop in 1924 who also mapped the site, Miguel Ángel Fernández in the late 1930s and early 1940s, William Sanders in 1956, and then later in the 1970s by Arthur G. Miller. Through these later investigations done by Sanders and Miller, it has been determined that Tulum was occupied during the late Postclassic period around AD 1200. The site continued to be occupied until contact with the Spanish was made in the early 16th century. By the end of the 16th century, the site was abandoned completely.〔''The Ancient Maya'', Robert J. Sharer and Loa P. Traxler, Stanford University Press 2006. pp. 608–611.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「tulum」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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