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tyrant
A tyrant (Greek , ''tyrannos''), in its modern English usage, is an absolute ruler unrestrained by law or constitution, or one who has usurped legitimate sovereignty. Often described as a cruel character, a tyrant defends his position by oppressive means, tending to control almost everything in the state.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Tyrant )〕〔('"Tyrant." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Thomas Zemanek. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009. Web. 1 April 2015. . Trans. of "Tyran," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 16. Paris, 1765' )〕 The original Greek term, however, merely meant an authoritarian sovereign without reference to character,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tyrant (entry) )〕 bearing no pejorative connotation during the Archaic and early Classical periods. However, it was clearly a negative word to Plato, and on account of the decisive influence of philosophy on politics, its negative connotations only increased, continuing into the Hellenistic period.
Plato and Aristotle define a tyrant as "one who rules without law, and uses extreme and cruel tactics—against his own people as well as others".〔Glad, B. (2002, March) . Why Tyrants Go Too Far: Malignant Narcissism and Absolute Power. Political Psychology, 33. Retrieved May 15, 2010, from JSTOR database.〕 It is defined further in the Encyclopédie as a usurper of sovereign power who makes his subjects the victims of his passions and unjust desires, which he substitutes for laws.〔"Tyrant." The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project. Translated by Thomas Zemanek. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library, 2009. Web. (in today's date in the form 18 Apr. 2009 and remove square brackets ). . Trans. of "Tyran," Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers, vol. 16. Paris, 1765.〕 During the seventh and sixth centuries BC, tyranny was often looked upon as an intermediate stage between narrow oligarchy and more democratic forms of polity. However, in the late fifth and fourth centuries BC, a new kind of tyrant, the military dictator, arose, specifically in Sicily.
==Etymology==
The English noun ''tyrant'' appears in Middle English use, via Old French, from the 1290s.
The word derives from Latin ''tyrannus'', meaning "illegitimate ruler", and this in turn from the Greek ''tyrannos'' "monarch, ruler of a polis"; ''tyrannos'' in its turn has a Pre-Greek origin, perhaps from Lydian.〔http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tyrant〕〔R. S. P. Beekes, ''Etymological Dictionary of Greek'', Brill, 2009, pp. 1519–20.〕 The final ''-t'' arises in Old French by association with the present participles in ''-ant''.〔''tyrant'', ''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd edition〕
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