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An udema ((:ˈɵdɛma) or ; also udenma) was a type of warship built for the Swedish archipelago fleet in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was developed for warfare in the Archipelago Sea in the Baltic and along the coasts of Svealand and Finland against the Russian navy. The udema was designed by the prolific naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman for use in an area of mostly shallow waters and groups of islands and islets that extend from Stockholm all the way to the Gulf of Finland. The udema was of an innovative new design with a single line of guns along the ship's centerline, a foreshadowing of the dreadnought battleships of the early 20th century. The design proved impractical for its time, however, and only three udemas were built between 1760 and 1776. ==Background== In the early 18th century, the establishment of Russian naval power in the Baltic challenged the interests of Sweden, one of the major powers in the Baltic. The Swedish empire at the time included territory in Northern Germany, all of modern Finland and most of the Baltic states, a dominion held together by the Baltic sea routes. Russian Tsar Peter the Great had established a new capital and naval base in Saint Petersburg in 1703. During the Great Northern War Sweden lost its Baltic state territories, and suffered from Russian raiding in Finland and along the chain of islands and archipelagos that stretched all the way from the Gulf of Finland to the capital of Stockholm. The Swedes began building inshore flotillas of shallow-draft vessels, beginning with smaller versions of the traditional Mediterranean warships, the galleys. Most of these were more akin to galiots and were complemented with gun prams. The disastrous war with Russia(1741–43) and the minor involvement in Prussia in the Seven Years' War (1757–62) showed the need for further expansion and development of the inshore flotillas with more specialized vessels.〔Berg, "Skärgårdsflottans fartyg: Typer och utveckling under 1700- och 1800-talet" in Norman (2012), pp. 50–59〕 Traditional galleys were effective as troop transports for amphibious operations, but were severely under-gunned, especially in relation to their large crews; a galley with a 250-man crew, most of whom were rowers, would typically be armed with only one 24-pounder cannon and two 6-pounders, all in the bow. However, they were undecked and lacked adequate shelter for the rower-soldiers, great numbers of which succumbed to illness in the war of 1741–43.〔Glete (1992), pp. 115–116, 118〕 The Swedish military invested heavily in an "archipelago fleet" (''skärgårdsflottan''), a separate branch of the armed forces that organizationally belonged to the army. In 1756, it was even officially designated ''Arméns flotta'', "Navy of the Army". It was in many ways a highly independent organization that attracted a social and cultural elite and enjoyed the protection of Gustav III after his 1772 coup that empowered him as an absolute monarch.〔Glete (1992), p. 118〕 Several new ships were designed by the naval architect Fredrik Henrik af Chapman to bolster the hitting-power of the new Swedish maritime forces, to provide it with better naval defense and to improve its fire support capabilities during amphibious operations. The result was four new vessels that combined the maneuverability of oar-powered galleys with the superior rigs and more comfortable living conditions of sailing ships: the udema, pojama, turuma and hemmema, named after the Finnish regions of Uusimaa ("Uudenmaan" in genitive form), Pohjanmaa, Turunmaa and Hämeenmaa (Tavastia).〔Anderson (1962), pp. 93–94〕 All four have been referred to as ''skärgårdsfregatter'', "archipelago frigates", in Swedish and English historical literature, though the smaller udema and pojama were also described as "archipelago corvettes" originally.〔Berg describes only the turuma and hemmema as frigates (1993, p. 35; Norman 2012) while Glete (1992) and Anderson (1962) use the same term for all four ship types.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「udema」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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