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:''For the television series, see Underemployed (TV series)'' Underemployment refers to an employment situation that is insufficient in some important way for the worker, relative to a standard.〔Feldman, D. C. (1996). The nature, antecedents and consequences of underemployment. ''Journal of Management, 22''(3), 385-407. 〕 Examples include holding a part-time job despite desiring full-time work, and overqualification, where the employee has education, experience, or skills beyond the requirements of the job. Underemployment has been studied in recent decades from a variety of perspectives, including economics, management, psychology, and sociology. In economics, for example, the term underemployment has three different distinct meanings and applications. All meanings involve a situation in which a person is working, unlike unemployment, where a person who is searching for work and cannot find a job. All meanings involve under-utilization of labor which is missed by most official (governmental agency) definitions and measurements of unemployment. Underemployment can refer to: # "Overqualification" or "overeducation", or the employment of workers with high education, skill levels, or experience in jobs that do not require such abilities.〔Erdogan, B., & Bauer, T. N. (2009). Perceived overqualification and its outcomes: The moderating role of empowerment. ''Journal of Applied Psychology, 94''(2), 557-565. 〕 For example, a trained medical doctor who works as a taxi driver would experience this type of underemployment. # "Involuntary part-time" work, where workers who could (and would like to) be working for a full work-week can only find part-time work. By extension, the term is also used in regional planning to describe regions where economic activity rates are unusually low, due to a lack of job opportunities, training opportunities, or due to a lack of services such as childcare and public transportation. # "Overstaffing" or "hidden unemployment" (also called "labor hoarding"〔Felices, G. (2003). Assessing the Extent of Labour Hoarding. ''Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, 43''(2), 198-206.〕), the practice in which businesses or entire economies employ workers who are not fully occupied—for example, workers currently not being used to produce goods or services due to legal or social restrictions or because the work is highly seasonal. Underemployment is a significant cause of poverty: although the worker may be able to find part-time work, the part-time pay is not sufficient for basic needs. Underemployment is a problem particularly in developing countries, where the unemployment itself is often actually low, with most workers doing subsistence or occasional part-time jobs. The global average of full-time workers per adult population is only 26%, compared to 30-52% in developed countries and 5-20% in most of Africa. ==Underutilization of skills== In one usage, underemployment describes the employment of workers with high skill levels in low-wage jobs that do not require such abilities. For example, someone with a college degree may be tending bar, or working in production industries. This may result from the existence of unemployment, which makes workers with bills to pay (and responsibilities) take almost any jobs available, even if they do not use their full talents. This can also occur with individuals who are being discriminated against, lack appropriate trade certification or academic degrees (such as a high school or college diploma), have disabilities or mental illnesses, or have served time in prison. Two common situations which can lead to underemployment are immigrants and new graduates. When highly trained immigrants arrive in a country, their foreign credentials may not be recognized or accepted in their new country, or they may have to do a lengthy or costly re-credentialing process. As a result, when doctors or engineers from other countries immigrate, they may be unable to work in their profession, and they may have to seek menial work. New graduates may also face underemployment, because even though they have completed the technical training for a given field for which there is a good job market, they lack experience. So a recent graduate with a master's degree in accounting may have to work in a low-paid job until they are able to find work in their field. Another example of this is someone who holds high quality skills for which there is low market-place demand. While it is costly in terms of money and time to acquire academic credentials, many types of degrees, particularly those in the fine arts and classics, are valued poorly by the marketplace. A number of surveys show that skill-based underemployment in North America and Europe can be a long-lasting phenomenon. If university graduates spend too long in situations of underemployment, the skills they gained from their degrees can atrophy from disuse or become out of date. Similarly, technically specialized workers may find themselves unable to acquire positions commensurate with their skills for extended lengths of time following layoffs. Given that most university study is subsidized (either because it takes place at a state or public university, or because the student receives government loans or grants), this type of underemployment may also be an ineffective use of public resources. Several solutions have been proposed to reduce skill-based underemployment: for example, government-imposed restrictions on enrollment in public universities in fields with a very low labor market demand, or changes in degree cost structure that reflected potential demand. A related kind of underemployment refers to "involuntary part-time" workers. These are workers who could (and would like to) be working for the standard work-week (typically full-time employment means 40 hours per week in the United States) who can only find part-time work. Underemployment is more prevalent during times of economic stagnation (during recessions or depressions). Obviously, during the Great Depression of the 1930s, many of those who were not unemployed were underemployed. These kinds of underemployment arise because labor markets typically do not "clear" using wage adjustment. Instead, there is non-wage rationing of jobs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「underemployment」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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