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upasana
Upasana (Sanskrit: उपासना) literally means "worship" and "sitting near, attend to".〔(upasana ) Sanskrit-English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany〕 The term also refers to one of three ''kanda'' (खण्ड, parts) of Vedas, one that focuses on worship.〔Classified by text types, the Upasanas are one of five, with other four being Samhita, Brahmana, Aranyaka and Upanishad; see A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ISBN 978-0595384556, pages 5-17〕 The other two parts of Vedas are called Aranyakas and Upanishads, sometimes identified as ''karma-kanda'' (कर्म खण्ड, ritualistic sacrifice section) and ''jnana-kanda'' (ज्ञान खण्ड, knowledge, spirituality section).〔A Bhattacharya (2006), Hindu Dharma: Introduction to Scriptures and Theology, ISBN 978-0595384556, pages 8-14〕〔Barbara A. Holdrege (1995), Veda and Torah: Transcending the Textuality of Scripture, State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0791416402, pages 351-357〕
Vedic literature, including ''Upasana'', however, neither are homogeneous in content nor in structure.〔Jan Gonda (1975), Vedic Literature: (Saṃhitās and Brāhmaṇas), Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 978-3447016032, page 424-426〕 Multiple classifications have been proposed. For example, the early part of Vedas with mantras and prayers called Samhitas along with the commentary on rituals called the Brahmanas together are identified as the ceremonial ''karma-kanda'', while rituals and metaphoric-rituals part called ''Aranyakas'' and knowledge/spirituality part ''Upanishads'' are referred to as the ''jnana-kanda''.〔Stephen Knapp (2005), The Heart of Hinduism: The Eastern Path to Freedom, Empowerment and Illumination, ISBN 978-0595350759, pages 10-11〕
==Etymology==
The root of the Sanskrit word ''Upasana'' is ''up'' and ''asana'' (from ''as''), which means "to sit close to someone, waiting on someone with reverence".〔Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120815735, pages 196-197〕 Oldenberg explained ''Upasana'' from its root ''Upās-'', in German as ''Verehren'', or "to worship, adore, revere", with the clarification that in Vedic texts this adoration and reverence is at formless things, such as Absolute Self, the Holy, the ''Atman'' (Soul) Principle.〔H Oldenberg (1919), Vorwissenschaftliche Wissenschaft, die Weltanschauung der Brahmana-Texte, Göttingen, pages 4-6〕 These texts offer the concept of ''Upasana'' to distinguish meditative reverence for an internalized and intellectual concept from earlier forms of physical worship, actual sacrifices and offerings to Vedic deities.〔Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120815735, page 197〕〔M Hara (1980), Hindu Concepts of Teacher Sanskrit Guru and Ācārya, In Sanskrit and Indian Studies, Springer, ISBN 978-94-009-8943-6, pages 93-11〕 Schayer offered a different perspective, stating ''Upasana'' in Vedic context is more closer to the German word ''Umwerben'' or ''Bedrängen'', or courting and pressing on metaphysical Soul, the Absolute Self (the Brahman) with hopes and petitions.〔Stanlisaw Schayer (1927), Uber die Bedeutung des Wortest Upanisad, Rocznik Orienalistyczny III, pages 57-67〕 Schayer further states that ''Upasana'' was a psychological act as well as a procedure, which etymologically was further developed by Renou.
The concept of ''Upasana'' developed a large tradition in Vedanta era. It flowered into the meaning of an intense kind of systematic meditation. Adi Shankara described ''Upasana'' as that meditation "about someone or something, consisting of continuous succession of comparable basic concepts, without interspersing it with dissimilar concepts, that proceeds according to the scriptures and on idea enjoined in the scriptures".〔Klaus Witz (1998), The Supreme Wisdom of the Upaniṣads: An Introduction, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-8120815735, page 198-199〕 It is a state of concentration where "whatever is meditated upon" is completely identified, absorbed with self, and unified with as one identifies self consciousness with one's body.〔 The two become one, "you are that". The "someone or something" in ''Upasana'' can be a symbolic deity or an abstract concept, states Shankara. In case of deity, ''Upasana'' is being one with god, which manifests as "be a god", and by "being a god, he attains the god."〔
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