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In linguistics, upstep is a phonemic or phonetic upward shift of tone between the syllables or words of a tonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages of sub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart, downstep. The symbol for upstep in the International Phonetic Alphabet is a superscript upward pointing arrow ). Between such chunks the pitch resets: :Been there. Done that. : ==List of languages with upstep== Upstep occurs in various sub-Saharan African languages, for example: Bokoto (), an Ubangian language of the Central African Republic. Duma () and Wandji (), Bantu B languages of Gabon.〔Puech, Gilbert (1990). Upstep in a Bantu tone language. Pholia 5.175-1186.〕〔(Puech 1990 )〕 Engenni (), an Edoid language of Nigeria.〔Snider, Keith Tonal 'upstep' in Engenni. Journal of West African Languages 27:1.3-15.〕〔Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed. Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 85-89. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.〕〔Thomas, Elaine (1974). Engenni. In Ten Nigerian tone systems. Studies in Nigerian Languages, Vol. 4. (ed.) John Bendor-Samuel. Jos and Kano: Institute of Linguistics and Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages.〕〔Thomas, Elaine (1978). A grammatical description of the Engenni language. Arlington TX: University of Texas at Arlington and SIL.〕 Hausa (), a Chadic language of Nigeria. Kirimi (), a Bantu F language of Tanzania.〔Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed. Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 94-103. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.〕 Krachi (), a Guang language of Ghana.〔Snider, Keith L. (1990). Tonal Upstep in Krachi: Evidence for a Register Tier. In The geometry and features of tone. Dallas: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington.〕 Mankon (), a Grassfields language of Cameroon.〔Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed. Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 89-94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.〕〔Leroy, Jacqueline (1977). Morphologie et classes nominales in mankon. Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France.〕〔Leroy, Jacqueline (1979). A la recherche de tons perdus: structure tonal du nom en ngemba. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 1.31-54. 〕〔Hyman, Larry & Maurice Tadadjeu (1976). Floating tones in Mbam-Nkam. In ed. Larry Hyman, Studies in Bantu Tonology. University of Southern California: Occasional Papers in Linguistics. 〕 Mbelime (), a Gur language of Benin.〔Mellick, Christina (2012). Tone in the Mbelime verb system. Dallas, TX: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Masters thesis, p. 82-84〕 Mbugwe (), a Bantu F language of Tanzania.〔Wilhelmsen, Vera (2013). Upstep in Mbugwe: a description of upstep in Mbugwe verbs. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Bantu Languages, Paris.〕〔(Wilhelmsen 2013 )〕 Nupe (), a Benue-Congo language of Nigeria.〔Kandybowicz, Jason (2008). The Grammar of Repetition: Nupe grammar at the syntax–phonology interface. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.〕 Upstep also occurs in at least one Central American language: Peñoles Mixtec, () an Oto-Manguean language of Mexico.〔Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 217-219〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「upstep」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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