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|pronunciation= |image=Urdu example.svg |imagesize=120px |imagecaption=''Urdu'' in Perso-Arabic script (Nastaliq style) |states= Pakistan and India〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Seventeenth edition, Urdu )〕 |region = |speakers = 65 million (80% in India〔) |date = 2007 |ref = ne2007 |speakers2 = Second language: 94 million in Pakistan (1999). |familycolor=Indo-European |fam2=Indo-Iranian |fam3=Indo-Aryan |fam4=Central Zone (Hindi) |fam5=Western Hindi |fam6=Hindustani |fam7=Khariboli〔 |script=Extended Perso-Arabic (Urdu alphabet) Devanagari Indian Urdu Braille (Bharati) Pakistani Urdu Braille |sign=Indian Signing System (ISS) Signed Urdu〔"Indo-Pakistani Sign Language", ''Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics''〕 |nation=Pakistan India; in the following states and union territories: * Bihar * Delhi (Capital Territory) * Jammu & Kashmir * Uttar Pradesh * Telangana |agency= National Language Authority National Council for Promotion of Urdu Language |iso1=ur |iso2=urd |iso3=urd |glotto=urdu1245 |glottorefname=Urdu |lingua=59-AAF-q (with Hindi, including 58 varieties: 59-AAF-qaa to 59-AAF-qil) |map=Urdu_official-language_areas.png |mapcaption= |notice=IPA }} Urdu (; ALA-LC: ; , or Modern Standard Urdu) is a standardised register of the Hindustani language. It is the national language and ''lingua franca'' of Pakistan, and an official language of six states of India. It is also one of the 22 official languages recognized in the Constitution of India. Urdu is historically associated with the Muslims of the region of Hindustan. Apart from specialized vocabulary, Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi, which is associated with the Hindu community. The Urdu language received recognition and patronage under the British Raj when the British replaced the Persian and local official languages of North Indian Jammu and Kashmir state with the Urdu and English language in 1837. == Origin == (詳細はApabhraṃśa register of the preceding Shauraseni language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language that is also the ancestor of other modern languages, including the Punjabi dialects. Urdu developed under the influence of the Persian and Arabic languages, both of which have contributed a significant amount of vocabulary to formal speech.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Two Languages or One? )〕〔(Hamari History ), Hamari Boli〕〔Dua, Hans R. (1992). Hindi-Urdu as a pluricentric language. In M. G. Clyne (Ed.), ''Pluricentric languages: Differing norms in different nations''. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ISBN 3-11-012855-1.〕〔Salimuddin S et al. (2013). "Oxford Urdu-English Dictionary ". Pakistan: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-597994-7 (Introduction Chapter)〕 Around 99% of Urdu verbs have their roots in Sanskrit and Prakrit.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Urdu’s origin: it’s not a "camp language" )〕 Although the word ''Urdu'' itself is derived from the Turkic word ''ordu'' (army) or orda, from which English ''horde'' is also derived, Turkish borrowings in Urdu are minimal. Urdu words originating from Turkish and Arabic were borrowed through Persian and hence are Persianized versions of the original words. For instance, the Arabic ''ta' marbuta'' ( ) changes to ''he'' ( ) or ''te'' ( ).〔John R. Perry, "Lexical Areas and Semantic Fields of Arabic" in Éva Ágnes Csató, Eva Agnes Csato, Bo Isaksson, Carina Jahani, ''Linguistic convergence and areal diffusion: case studies from Iranian, Semitic and Turkic'', Routledge, 2005. pg 97: "It is generally understood that the bulk of the Arabic vocabulary in the central, contiguous Iranian, Turkic and Indic languages was originally borrowed into literary Persian between the ninth and thirteenth centuries"〕 〔An example can be seen in the word "need" in Urdu. Urdu uses the Farsi version ضرورت rather than the original Arabic ضرورة. See: (John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 749 ). Urdu also use Farsi pronunciation - for instance rather than pronouncing ض as "ḍ" an ''emphatic consonant'', the original sound in ''Arabic'', Urdu uses the Farsi promonunction "z". See: (John T. Platts "A dictionary of Urdu, classical Hindi, and English" (1884) Page 748 )〕 Arabic influence in the region began with the late first millennium Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent. The Persian language was introduced into the subcontinent a few centuries later by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties including that of Mahmud of Ghazni.〔Sigfried J. de Laet. (''History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century'' ) UNESCO, 1994. ISBN 9231028138 p 734〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny )〕 The Turko-Afghan Delhi Sultanate established Persian as its official language, a policy continued by the Mughal Empire, which extended over most of northern South Asia from the 16th to 18th centuries and cemented Persian influence on the developing Hindustani. With the advent of the British Raj, Persian was no longer the language of administration but Hindustani, still written in the Persian script, continued to be used by both Hindus and Muslims. The name ''Urdu'' was first used by the poet Ghulam Hamadani Mushafi around 1780. From the 13th century until the end of the 18th century Urdu was commonly known as Hindi.〔 The language was also known by various other names such as ''Hindavi'' and ''Dehlavi''.〔 The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made co-official, along with English. Urdu was promoted in British India by British policies to counter the previous emphasis on Persian. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. Thus a new literary register, called "Hindi", replaced traditional Hindustani as the official language of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence (though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day, with post-independence examples including Gopi Chand Narang and Gulzar). At independence, Pakistan established a highly Persianized literary form of Urdu as its national language. There have been attempts to "purify" Urdu and Hindi, by purging Urdu of Sanskrit loan words, and Hindi of Persian loan words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and from Sanskrit for Hindi. This has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit. English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a co-official language. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「urdu」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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