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The ushnisha (Sanskrit, n., , IAST: ) is a three-dimensional oval at the top of the head of the Buddha. It symbolizes his attainment of reliance in the spiritual guide.〔 * "The true Buddha head is bare, covered only with ringlets of hair (plate 560) and surmounted by a peculiar swelling, the "usnisa", which is one of the thirty two traditional "great marks" (Maha-Laksana) of the Buddhist superman-savior. Sometimes on the Usnia there is represented a small image of the transcendent Spiritual Buddha from whom the historical savior is an emanation: the supramundane source whence his phenomenal appearance proceeds. But never does the Buddha wear a kingly crown" page 67 (The Art of Indian Asia vol 1. Zimmerman). "The Bodhisattva, it will be remembered, departed from his palace, cross the border-river of his father's Kingdom, and on its bank severed, with a single stroke of his sword, the tuft of his hair, saying "If it is destined to me to become a Buddha, may my hair and head-cloth remain hanging in the air; if not, let them fall to the ground". A God caught both, transported them to the heaven of the Trayastrimsat Gods, and there a Chaitya-Cudamani was constructed". page 233.〕 The ushnisha was not described initially in the Physical characteristics of the Buddha spelled out by the Buddhist canon. Rather, there are several mentions about a topknot: :"His topknot is like a crown." (Secondary characteristics, No53) :"He has a topknot as if crowned with a flower garland." (Secondary characteristics, No80) The first representations of the Buddha in the 1st century CE in the Greco-Buddhist art of Gandhara also represent him with a topknot, rather than just a cranial knob. It is thought that the interpretation of the ushnisha as a supernatural cranial protuberance happened at a later date, as the representation of the topknot became more symbolized and its original meaning was lost (Mario Bussagli, "L'art du Gandhara"). ==The Boddhisattva-Cakravartin in Early Buddhism== In Early Buddhism, the was represented differently. The ''Mahāvastu'' (1.259f) and the ''Divyāvadāna'', as well as the Theravadin ''Milindapañha'', describe the marks of the cakravartin or "idealised world-ruler": or patka turban, chhatra "parasol", "horn jewel" or vajra, whisk and sandals. These were the marks of the kshatriya.〔Falk, Harry, "Small-Scale Buddhism" in , p. 495〕 The plastic art of early Mahayana Buddhism in Mathura presents bodhisattvas in a form called "wearing a turban/hair binding", wielding the mudras for "nonviolent cakravartin rule".〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「ushnisha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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