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valleytronics
Valleytronics is a ''portmanteau'' combining the terms ''valley'' and ''electronics''. The term refers to the technology of control over the valley degree of freedom (a local maximum/minimum on the valence/conduction band) of certain semiconductors that present multiple valleys inside the first Brillouin zone—known as multivalley semiconductors.〔"Condensed-matter physics: Polarized light boosts valleytronics". Kamran Behnia, ''Nature Nanotechnology'' 7, 488–489 (2012).〕〔"Valleytronics: Electrons dance in diamond". Christoph E. Nebel. ''Nature Materials'' 12, 690–691 (2013). doi:10.1038/nmat3724〕
The term was coined in analogy to the blooming field of spintronics. While in spintronics the internal degree of freedom of spin is harnessed to store, manipulate and read out bits of information, the proposal for valleytronics is to perform similar tasks using the multiple extrema of the band structure, so that the information of 0s and 1s would be stored as different discrete values of the crystal momentum.
The term is often used as an umbrella term to other forms of quantum manipulation of valleys in semiconductors, including quantum computation with valley-based qubits,〔"Valley-Based Noise-Resistant Quantum Computation Using Si Quantum Dots". Dimitrie Culcer, A. L. Saraiva, Belita Koiller, Xuedong Hu, and S. Das Sarma. ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' 108, 126804 (2012).〕〔"Universal quantum computing with spin and valley states". Niklas Rohling and Guido Burkard. ''New J. Phys.'' 14, 083008(2012).〕〔"A valley–spin qubit in a carbon nanotube". E. A. Laird, F. Pei
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