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Vanaprastha ((サンスクリット:वनप्रस्थ)) literally means "retiring into a forest".〔 It is also a concept in Hindu traditions, representing the third of four ''ashrama'' (stages) of human life, the other three being Brahmacharya (bachelor student, 1st stage), Grihastha (married householder, 2nd stage) and Sannyasa (renunciation ascetic, 4th stage).〔RK Sharma (1999), Indian Society, Institutions and Change, ISBN 978-8171566655, pages 28, 38-39〕 ''Vanaprastha'' is part of the Vedic ashram system, which starts when a person hands over household responsibilities to the next generation, takes an advisory role, and gradually withdraws from the world.〔Ralph Tench and William Sun (2014), Communicating Corporate Social Responsibility: Perspectives and Practice, ISBN 978-1783507955, page 346〕〔 This stage typically follows ''Grihastha'' (householder), but a man or woman may choose to skip householder stage, and enter ''Vanaprastha'' directly after Brahmacharya (student) stage, as a prelude to San yasa (ascetic) and spiritual pursuits. Vanaprastha stage is considered as a transition phase from a householder's life with greater emphasis on Artha and Kama (wealth, security, pleasure and sexual pursuits) to one with greater emphasis on Moksha (spiritual liberation).〔Albertina Nugteren (2005), Belief, Bounty, And Beauty: Rituals Around Sacred Trees in India, Brill Academic, ISBN 978-9004146013, pages 13-21〕〔Saraswathi et al (2010), Reconceptualizing Lifespan Development through a Hindu Perspective, in Bridging Cultural and Developmental Approaches to Psychology (Editor: Lene Arnett Jensen), Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195383430, page 280-286〕 ==Etymology== ''Vanaprastha'' (वनप्रस्थ) is a composite word with the roots ''vana'' (वन) meaning "forest, distant land",〔(vana ) Koeln University, Germany〕 and ''prastha'' (प्रस्थ) meaning "going to, abiding in, journey to".〔(prastha ) Koeln University, Germany〕 The composite word literally means "retiring to forest".〔(vanapastha ) Koeln University, Germany〕 Widgery〔Alban G. Widgery (1930), (The Principles of Hindu Ethics ), International Journal of Ethics, 40(2): 232-245〕 states that ''Vanaprastha'' is synonymous with ''Aranyaka'' (Sanskrit: आरण्यक) in historic Indian literature discussing four stages of human life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vanaprastha」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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