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Vancomycin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/monograph/vancocin.html )〕 It is recommended intravenously as a first-line treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant ''S. aureus''. Blood levels may be measured to determine the correct dose.〔 Vancomycin is also recommended by mouth as a treatment for severe ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis. When taken by mouth it is very poorly absorbed.〔 Common side effects include pain in the area of injection and allergic reactions. Occasionally problems with hearing, low blood pressure, or bone marrow suppression occur.〔 Safety in pregnancy is not clear but there is no evidence of harm,〔 and it is likely safe for use when breastfeeding.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.drugs.com/breastfeeding/vancomycin.html )〕 It is a type of the glycopeptide antibiotic and works by blocking the making of a cell wall.〔 Vancomycin was first sold in 1954. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system. It is available as a generic medication. The wholesale cost of an intravenous dose is about 1.70 to 6.00 USD.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://erc.msh.org/dmpguide/resultsdetail.cfm?language=english&code=VAN500I&s_year=2014&year=2014&str=500%20mg&desc=Vancomycin&pack=new&frm=VIAL&rte=INJ&class_code2=06%2E2%2E2%2E&supplement=&class_name=%2806%2E2%2E2%2E%29Other%20antibacterials%3Cbr%3E )〕 In the United States the pills are more expensive than the intravenous solution.〔 The intravenous solution may be safely taken by mouth for the treatment of ''Clostridium difficile'' colitis to reduce costs. Vancomycin is made by the soil bacterium ''Amycolatopsis orientalis''.〔 ==Medical uses== Vancomycin is indicated for the treatment of serious, life-threatening infections by gram-positive bacteria unresponsive to other antibiotics. In particular, vancomycin should not be used to treat methicillin-sensitive ''Staphylococcus aureus'' because it is inferior to penicillins such as nafcillin. The increasing emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci has resulted in the development of guidelines for use by the Centers for Disease Control Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. These guidelines restrict use of vancomycin to the following indications:〔Rossi S, editor. Australian Medicines Handbook 2006. Adelaide: Australian Medicines Handbook; 2006. ISBN 0-9757919-2-3〕 *Treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible organisms resistant to penicillins (Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multiresistant ''Staphylococcus epidermidis'' (MRSE)) or in individuals with serious allergy to penicillins *Treatment of pseudomembranous colitis caused by ''Clostridium difficile''; in particular, in cases of relapse or where the infection is unresponsive to metronidazole treatment (for this indication, vancomycin is given orally, rather than by its typical intravenous (IV) route) *For treatment of infections caused by gram-positive microorganisms in patients with serious allergies to beta-lactam antimicrobials.〔 *Antibacterial prophylaxis for endocarditis following certain procedures in penicillin-hypersensitive individuals at high risk〔 *Surgical prophylaxis for major procedures involving implantation of prostheses in institutions with a high rate of MRSA or MRSE〔 *Early in treatment as an empiric antibiotic for possible MRSA infection while waiting for culture identification of the infecting organism *Has shown some success long term in halting the progression of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis and preventing symptoms; Vancomycin does not cure the patient however 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vancomycin」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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