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vanga
The vangas (from ''vanga'', Malagasy for the hook-billed vanga, ''Vanga curvirostris'') are a group of little-known small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to Madagascar and the Comoros. They are usually classified as the family Vangidae. There are about 22 species, depending on taxonomy. Most species are shrike-like, arboreal forest birds, feeding on reptiles, frogs and insects. Several other Madagascan birds more similar to Old World warblers, Old World babblers or Old World flycatchers are now often placed in this family. Vangas differ greatly in bill shape and have a variety of foraging methods. Their stick nests are built in trees. They do not migrate.
== Taxonomy ==
Their relationship with other passerine groups is uncertain, but they seem closely related to some enigmatic African groups: the helmetshrikes (''Prionops'') and the shrike-flycatchers (''Bias'' and ''Megabyas'').〔Fuchs, J.; Bowie, R.C.K.; Fjeldsa, J. & Pasquet, E. (2004): Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae). ''Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 33(2): 428-439. (HTML abstract )〕 They also appear to be close to some Asian groups: the woodshrikes (''Tephrodornis''), flycatcher-shrikes (''Hemipus'') and philentomas.〔Moyle, R.G., J. Cracraft, M. Lakim, J. Nais & F.H. Sheldon (2006), (Reconsideration of the phylogenetic relationships of the enigmatic Bornean Bristlehead (''Pityriasis gymnocephala'') ), ''Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 39, 893-898.〕
Though vangas were traditionally believed to be a small family of generally shrike-like birds, recent research suggests that several Madagascan taxa most similar in appearance and habits (and formerly considered to be) Old World warblers, Old World flycatchers or Old World babblers may be vangas. Yamagishi ''et al.'' found in 2001 that ''Newtonia'' appeared to belong with the vangas rather than the warblers and also that ''Tylas'' was a vanga and not a bulbul.〔Yamagishi, S.; Honda, M.; Eguchi, K. & Thorstrom, R. (2001): Extreme endemic radiation of the Malagasy Vangas (Aves: Passeriformes). ''J. Mol. Evol.'' 53(1): 39-46. (Abstract )〕 It also appears that Ward's flycatcher and Crossley's babbler belong with the vangas.〔Cibois, A.; Pasquet, E. & Schulenberg, T.S. (1999): Molecular systematics of the Malagasy babblers (Timaliidae) and Warblers (Sylviidae), based on cytochrome ''b'' and 16S rRNA sequences. ''Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.'' 13(3): 581-595. (HTML abstract )〕〔Cibois, A.; Slikas, B.; Schulenberg, T.S. & Pasquet, E. (2001): An endemic radiation of Malagasy songbirds is revealed by mitochondrial DNA sequence data. ''Evolution'' 55(6): 1198-1206. (PDF fulltext )〕〔Schulenberg, T.S. (2003): The Radiations of Passerine Birds on Madagascar. ''In:'' Goodman, Steven M. & Benstead, Jonathan P. (eds.): ''The Natural History of Madagascar'': 1130-1134. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30306-3〕
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