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Vegetarianism is the practice of abstaining from the consumption of meat (red meat, poultry, seafood and the flesh of any other animal), and may also include abstention from by-products of animal slaughter.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=The Vegetarian Society )〕 Vegetarianism can be adopted for different reasons. Many object to eating meat out of respect for sentient life. Such ethical motivations have been codified under various religious beliefs, along with animal rights. Other motivations for vegetarianism are health-related, political, environmental, cultural, aesthetic or economic. There are varieties of the diet as well: an ovo-vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, a lacto-vegetarian diet includes dairy products but not eggs, and an ovo-lacto vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. A vegan diet excludes all animal products, including eggs, dairy, beeswax and honey. Some vegans also avoid animal products such as leather (and possibly silk) for clothing and goose-fat for shoe polish. Various packaged or processed foods, including cake, cookies, candies, chocolate, yogurt and marshmallows, often contain unfamiliar animal ingredients, and may be a special concern for vegetarians due to the likelihood of such additions.〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=The Vegetarian Society )〕 Often, products are reviewed by vegetarians for animal-derived ingredients prior to purchase or consumption.〔 Vegetarians vary in their feelings regarding these ingredients, however. For example, while some vegetarians may be unaware of animal-derived rennet's role in the usual production of cheese and may therefore unknowingly consume the product,〔 other vegetarians may not take issue with its consumption.〔〔 Semi-vegetarian diets consist largely of vegetarian foods, but may include fish or poultry, or sometimes other meats, on an infrequent basis. Those with diets containing fish or poultry may define ''meat'' only as mammalian flesh and may identify with vegetarianism.〔Shorter Oxford English Dictionary (2002 and 2007) defines "vegetarian" (noun) as "A person who on principle abstains from animal food; ''esp.'' one who avoids meat but will eat dairy produce and eggs and sometimes also fish (cf. VEGAN ''noun'')."〕 A pescetarian diet has been described as "fish but no other meat". The common use association between such diets and vegetarianism has led vegetarian groups such as the Vegetarian Society to state that diets containing these ingredients are not vegetarian, due to fish and birds being animals.〔(【引用サイトリンク】publisher=Vegetarian Society )〕 ==Etymology== The word ''vegetarian'' has been in use since 1839, referring to what was previously described as "vegetable diet". It is commonly believed to be a compound of ''vegetable'' and the suffix ''-arian'' (as in ''agrarian''). (John Davis shows that it was probably not derived from the Latin word ''vegetus''.) The term was popularised with the foundation of the Vegetarian Society in Manchester, UK in 1847.〔''OED'' vol. 19, second edition (1989), p. 476; ''Webster’s Third New International Dictionary'' p. 2537; ''The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology'', ''Oxford'', 1966, p. 972; ''The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology'' (1988), p. 1196; Colin Spencer, ''The Heretic's Feast. A History of Vegetarianism'', London 1993, p. 252. The ''OED'' writes that the word came into general use after the formation of the Vegetarian Society at Ramsgate in 1847, though it offers two examples of usage from 1839 and 1842: * 1839: "If I had had to be my own cook, I should inevitably become a vegetarian." (F. A. Kemble, ''Jrnl. Residence on Georgian Plantation'' (1863) 251) * 1842: "To tell a healthy vegetarian that his diet is very uncongenial with the wants of his nature." (''Healthian'', Apr. 34) The 1839 occurrence still is under discussion, The Oxford English Dictionary's 1839 source is in fact an 1863 publication: Fanny Kemble, ''Journal of a Residence on a Georgian Plantation 1838–1839''. The original manuscript hasn't been located.〕 The earliest occurrences of the term seem to be related to Alcott House, a school on the north side of Ham Common, London, opened in July 1838 by James Pierrepont Greaves. From 1841, it was known as ''A Concordium, or Industry Harmony College'', from which time the institution began to publish its own pamphlet, "The Healthian", which provides some of the earliest occurrences of the term "vegetarian".〔Extracts from some journals 1842-48 - the earliest known uses of the word 'vegetarian' Compiled by John Davis.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vegetarianism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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