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A vehicle (from (ラテン語:vehiculum)) is a mobile machine that transports people or cargo. Most often, vehicles are manufactured, such as wagons, bicycles, motor vehicles (motorcycles, cars, trucks, buses), railed vehicles (trains, trams), watercraft (ships, boats), aircraft and spacecraft.〔Halsey, William D. (Editorial Director): ''MacMillan Contemporary Dictionary'', page 1106. MacMillan Publishing, 1979. ISBN 0-02-080780-5〕 Land vehicles are classified broadly by what is used to apply steering and drive forces against the ground: wheeled, tracked, railed or skied. ISO 3833-1977 is the standard, also internationally used in legislation, for road vehicles types, terms and definitions.〔ISO 3833:1977 Road vehicles – Types – Terms and definitions (Webstore.anis.org )〕 ==History of vehicles== *The oldest boats found by archaeological excavation are logboats from around 7,000–10,000 years ago,〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = China.org.cn ) 〕〔 〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = Stone Pages Archeo News ) 〕 *a 7,000-year-old seagoing boat made from reeds and tar has been found in Kuwait. *Boats were used between 4000BCE-3000BCE in Sumer,〔Denemark 2000, page 208〕 ancient Egypt〔 〕 and in the Indian Ocean.〔 *There is evidence of camel pulled wheeled vehicles about 3000–4000 BCE. *The earliest evidence of a wagonway, a predecessor of the railway, found so far was the long ''Diolkos'' wagonway, which transported boats across the Isthmus of Corinth in Greece since around 600 BC.〔 * Verdelis, Nikolaos: "Le diolkos de L'Isthme", ''Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique'', Vol. 81 (1957), pp. 526–529 (526) * Cook, R. M.: "Archaic Greek Trade: Three Conjectures 1. The Diolkos", ''The Journal of Hellenic Studies'', Vol. 99 (1979), pp. 152–155 (152) * Drijvers, J.W.: "Strabo VIII 2,1 (C335): Porthmeia and the Diolkos", ''Mnemosyne'', Vol. 45 (1992), pp. 75–76 (75) * Raepsaet, G. & Tolley, M.: "Le Diolkos de l'Isthme à Corinthe: son tracé, son fonctionnement", ''Bulletin de Correspondance Hellénique'', Vol. 117 (1993), pp. 233–261 (256) * Lewis, M. J. T., ("Railways in the Greek and Roman world" ), in Guy, A. / Rees, J. (eds), ''Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference'' (2001), pp. 8–19 (11)〕 Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route.〔Lewis, M. J. T., ("Railways in the Greek and Roman world" ), in Guy, A. / Rees, J. (eds), ''Early Railways. A Selection of Papers from the First International Early Railways Conference'' (2001), pp. 8–19 (11)〕 *In 200 CE, Ma Jun built a south-pointing chariot, a vehicle with an early form of guidance system.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 publisher = B4 Network )〕 *Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a stained-glass window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau dating from around 1350. *In 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope and was operated by human or animal power, through a treadwheel.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 Der Reiszug – Part 1 – Presentation )〕 *1769 Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot is often credited with building the first self-propelled mechanical vehicle or automobile in 1769.〔http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/145966/Nicolas-Joseph-Cugnot〕 *In Russia, in the 1780s, Ivan Kulibin developed a human-pedalled, three-wheeled carriage with modern features such as a flywheel, brake, gear box and bearings; however, it was not developed further.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Automobile Invention )〕 *1783 Montgolfier brothers first Balloon vehicle *1801 Richard Trevithick built and demonstrated his ''Puffing Devil'' road locomotive, which many believe was the first demonstration of a steam-powered road vehicle, though it could not maintain sufficient steam pressure for long periods and was of little practical use. *1817 Push bikes, draisines or hobby horses were the first human means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle, the draisine (or ''Laufmaschine'', "running machine"), invented by the German Baron Karl von Drais, is regarded as the forerunner of the modern bicycle (and motorcycle). It was introduced by Drais to the public in Mannheim in summer 1817.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 year = 2006 )〕 *1885 Karl Benz built (and subsequently patented) the first automobile, powered by his own four-stroke cycle gasoline engine in Mannheim, Germany *1885 Otto Lilienthal began experimental gliding and achieved the first sustained, controlled, reproducible flights. *1903 Wright brothers flew the first controlled, powered aircraft *1907 First helicopters Gyroplane no.1 (tethered) and Cornu helicopter (free flight)〔Munson 1968〕 *1928 Opel RAK.1 rocket car *1929 Opel RAK.1 rocket glider *1961 Vostok vehicle carried first man, Yuri Gagarin, into space *1969 Apollo Program first manned vehicle landed on the moon *2010 The number of road motor vehicles in operation worldwide surpassed the 1 billion mark – roughly one for every seven people. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vehicle」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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