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''Vibrio'' is a genus of Gram-negative bacteria, possessing a curved-rod shape (comma shape),〔〔〔 several species of which can cause foodborne infection, usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. Typically found in salt water, ''Vibrio'' species are facultative anaerobes that test positive for oxidase and do not form spores.〔 All members of the genus are motile and have polar flagella with sheaths. Recent phylogenies have been constructed based on a suite of genes (multilocus sequence analysis). The name ''Vibrio'' derives from Filippo Pacini, who isolated micro-organisms he called "vibrions" from cholera patients in 1854, because of their motility.〔 ==Pathogenic strains== Several species of ''Vibrio'' are pathogens.〔C.Michael Hogan. 2010. (''Bacteria''. Encyclopedia of Earth. eds. Sidney Draggan and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the Environment, Washington DC )〕 Most disease-causing strains are associated with gastroenteritis, but can also infect open wounds and cause septicemia. They can be carried by numerous marine animals, such as crabs or prawns, and have been known to cause fatal infections in humans during exposure. Pathogenic ''Vibrio'' species include ''V. cholerae'' (the causative agent of cholera), ''V. parahaemolyticus'', and ''V. vulnificus.'' ''V. cholerae'' is generally transmitted by contaminated water.〔 Pathogenic ''Vibrio'' species can cause foodborne illness (infection), usually associated with eating undercooked seafood. The pathogenic features can be linked to quorum sensing where bacteria are able to express their virulence factor via their signalling molecules. ''V. vulnificus'' outbreaks commonly occur in warm climates and small, generally lethal, outbreaks occur regularly. An outbreak occurred in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina,〔 and several lethal cases occur most years in Florida.〔 As of 2013 in the United States, ''Vibrio'' infections as a whole were up 43% when compared with the rates observed in 2006-2008. ''V. vulnificus'', the most severe strain, has not increased. Foodborne ''Vibrio'' infections are most often associated with eating raw shellfish. ''V. parahaemolyticus'' is also associated with the Kanagawa phenomenon, in which strains isolated from human hosts (clinical isolates) are hemolytic on blood agar plates, while those isolated from nonhuman sources are not hemolytic.〔 Many ''Vibrio'' species are also zoonotic. They cause disease in fish and shellfish, and are common causes of mortality among domestic marine life. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「vibrio」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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