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Violence is defined by the World Health Organization as "the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, which either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation", although the group acknowledges that the inclusion of "the use of power" in its definition expands on the conventional meaning of the word.〔Krug et al., ("World report on violence and health" ), World Health Organization, 2002.〕 This definition involves intentionality with the committing of the act itself, irrespective of the outcome it produces. However, generally, anything that is excited in an injurious or damaging way may be described as violent even if not meant to be violence (by a person and against a person). The most prevalent cause of death in interpersonal violence is assault with a firearm (180,000), followed by a sharp object (114,000). Other means contribute to another 110,000 deaths.〔 Violence in many forms is preventable. There is a strong relationship between levels of violence and modifiable factors such as concentrated poverty, income and gender inequality, the harmful use of alcohol, and the absence of safe, stable, and nurturing relationships between children and parents. Strategies addressing the underlying causes of violence can be effective in preventing violence.〔WHO / Liverpool JMU Centre for Public Health, ("Violence Prevention: The evidence" ), 2010.〕 Globally, violence resulted in the death of 1.28 million people in 2013 up from 1.13 million in 1990. 842,000 were due to suicide, 405,000 were due to homicide, and 31,000 were due to war.〔 In Africa, out of every 100,000 people, each year an estimated 60.9 die a violent death.〔awake Aug 8/05 pp. 4-7〕 Gunfire kills ten children a day in the United States. Corlin, past president of the American Medical Association said: "The United States leads the world—in the rate at which its children die from firearms." He concluded: "Gun violence is a threat to the public health of our country."〔Awake Jul 8/2003 pp. 5-9〕 For each single death due to violence, there are dozens of hospitalizations, hundreds of emergency department visits, and thousands of doctors' appointments.〔("Global Burden of Disease" ), World Health Organization, 2008.〕 Furthermore, violence often has lifelong consequences for physical and mental health and social functioning and can slow economic and social development. ==Types== Violence can be divided into three broad categories:〔 *self-directed violence *interpersonal violence *collective violence Violent acts can be: *physical *sexual *psychological *emotional This initial categorization differentiates between violence a person inflicts upon himself or herself, violence inflicted by another individual or by a small group of individuals, and violence inflicted by larger groups such as states, organized political groups, militia groups and terrorist organizations. These three broad categories are each divided further to reflect more specific types of violence. Violence is primarily classified as either instrumental or reactive / hostile. 〔() - curry.virginia.edu〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「violence」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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