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viperinae
:''Common names: pitless vipers, true vipers, Old World vipers,〔Mallow D, Ludwig D, Nilson G. 2003. ''True Vipers: Natural History and Toxinology of Old World Vipers''. Malabar, Florida: Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar. 359 pp. ISBN 0-89464-877-2.〕 true adders.〔U.S. Navy. 1991. ''Poisonous Snakes of the World''. US Govt. New York: Dover Publications Inc. 203 pp. ISBN 0-486-26629-X.〕''
The Viperinae, or viperines, are a subfamily of venomous vipers endemic to Europe, Asia and Africa. They are distinguished by their lack of the heat-sensing pit organs that characterize their sister group, the subfamily Crotalinae. Currently, 12 genera and 66 species are recognized. Most are tropical and subtropical, although one species, ''Vipera berus'', even occurs within the Arctic Circle.〔
==Description==
Members of this subfamily range in size from ''Bitis schneideri'', which grows to a maximum total length (body + tail) of only , to ''Bitis gabonica'', which reaches a maximum total length of over . Most species are terrestrial, but a few, such as those of the genus ''Atheris'', are completely arboreal.〔
Although the heat-sensing pits that characterize the Crotalinae are clearly lacking in the viperines, a supernasal sac with sensory function has been described in a number of species. This sac is an invagination of the skin between the supranasal and nasal scales and is connected to the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve. The nerve endings here resemble those in the labial pits of boas. The supernasal sac is present in the genera ''Daboia'', ''Pseudocerastes'' and ''Causus'', but is especially well developed in the genus ''Bitis''. Experiments have shown that strikes are not only guided by visual and chemical cues, but also by heat, with warmer targets being struck more frequently than colder ones.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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