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voorleser
Voorleser was the title given to a highly responsible citizen in New Netherland and later Dutch colonies, who had semi-official duties in local law, education and religion.
==Origin and use==
The word ''voorleser'' as used in English texts is a variant of the Dutch word ''voorlezer'', which means "one who reads (to others)". However, both spellings are used interchangeably when referring to the collective official title used by colonial Dutch Americans.〔Govt. Print. Office (1927). ("Volume 1, Issues 1-19." ) ''Statistics of land-grant colleges and universities.'' Retrieved 2010-08-06.〕 It has several different translations or interpretations, such as "lay reader",〔Lurie, Maxine N. and Mappen, Marc (2004). ("Bertholf, Guiliam." ) ''Encyclopedia of New Jersey.'' Rutgers University Press. Retrieved 2010-08-01.〕 "public reader",〔("Original 1685 Bell." ) Friends of the Old Dutch Church & Burying Ground. Retrieved 2010-08-01.〕 "fore-reader",〔Bulletin of the Passaic County Historical Society (1958-03). ("The Dutch Church of Totowa." ) The Passaic County Historical Society. Retrieved 2010-08-01.〕 and "church reader".〔("Generation No. 1." ) Descendants of Jan Tiebout via Genealogy.com. 2009. Retrieved 2010-08-01.〕 The title was predominantly used from the mid-17th century〔〔 to the late 18th century;〔 in the small colonial villages of this era,〔 one person could maintain many tasks.
After the English took over the Dutch settlements of New Netherland,〔Russell Shorto, (2004). ISBN 0-385-50349-0 "The Epic Story of Dutch Manhattan and the Forgotten Colony that Shaped America." ''The Island at the Center of the World'' (New York, Doubleday). Retrieved 2010-07-15.〕 the existing Dutch settlers continued relying on the voorleser for maintaining village records and documentation. The last person given the title of voorleser resigned in 1789, where his successor was given the title of "clerk".〔Holland Society of New York (1914). ("Bergen Records." ) ''Yearbook of the Holland Society of New-York.'' Retrieved 2010-08-01.〕 Documentation in the Dutch settlers' native language, however, lasted until 1809.〔 The title and tasks of the voorleser disseminated after the populations grew beyond the ability of one person to maintain, and the majority of settlers began speaking and keeping records in English.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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